1,5-AG, 1,5-anhydroglucitol; 2-AAA, 2-aminoadipic acid; 2-DGE, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; ABCC8, ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 8; ADA, American Diabetes Association; AhR, aromatic hydrocarbon receptor; BA, bile acid; BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; BCKAs, branched chain keto acids; Biomarkers; CE, cholesterol ester; CFL1, cofilin-1; CRP, C reactive protein; CYP450, cytochrome P450; DAG, diacylglycerol; DPP-4, dipeptyl peptidase 4; EASD, European Association for the Study of Diabetes; FA, fatty acid; FFA, free fatty acid; FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation; FTO, fat mass and obesity-associated; GAS5, growth arrest-specific transcript 5; GC­MS/MS, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; GLP-1R, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor; GSIS, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion; GWAS, genome-wide association study; Glycolipid metabolism disorder; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; HMG-CoA, hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A; HMGCR, 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; HbA1C, glycylated hemoglobin; IL-1ra, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; IMP, imidazole propionate; IR, insulin resistance; JNK, c-Jun-N-terminal-kinase; KCNJ11, potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 11; L-GPC, linoleoyl-glycerophosphocholine; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; LPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamines; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MASP, mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease 1; MATE1, multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1; MDR1, multidrug resistance mutation 1; MGT, magnesium transporter; MS, Mass Spectrometry; Mechanism study; Multi-omics; NK, natural killer; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; OCT, organic cationic transporter; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PC-PL, phosphatidylcholine-plasmalogen; PE, phosphatidylethanolamines; PNPLA3, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; PTBP1, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1; PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; SLC30A8, solute carrier family 30 member 8; SLC47A1, solute carrier family 47 member 1; SLC5A2, solute carrier family 5 member 2; SM, sphingomyelin; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; SSPG, steady-state plasma glucose; SUR1, sulfonylurea receptor 1; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TAG, triacylglycerol; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; TCF7L2, transcription factor 7-like 2; TF, transcription factor; TMA, trimethylamine; TMAO, trimethylamine oxide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TOF-MS, time-of-flight mass spectrum; TUG1, taurine upregulated gene 1; USP20, ubiquitin-specificpeptidase 20; WBC, white blood cell; circRNA, circular RNA; hADCS, human adipose-derived stem cells; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; lnc-BATE1, brown adipose tissue enriched long non-coding RNA 1; lncRNA SHGL, lncRNA suppressor of hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; mRNA, messenger RNAs; mTORC1, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; miRNA, micro RNA; ncRNA, non-coding RNA; t-PA, tissue plasminogen activator; α-HB, α-hydroxybutyrate