3D Nanoprinting Replication Enhancement Using a Simulation-Informed Analytical Model for Electron Beam Exposure Dose Compensation.

3D nanoprinting, using focused electron beam-induced deposition, is prone to a common structural artifact arising from a temperature gradient that naturally evolves during deposition, extending from the electron beam impact region (BIR) to the substrate. Inelastic electron energy loss drives the Joule heating and surface temperature variations lead to precursor surface concentration variations due, in most part, to temperature-dependent precursor surface desorption. The result is unwanted curvature when prescribing linear segments in 3D objects, and thus, complex geometries contain distortions. Here, an electron dose compensation strategy is presented to offset deleterious heating effects; the Decelerating Beam Exposure Algorithm, or DBEA, which corrects for nanowire bending a priori, during computer-aided design, uses an analytical solution derived from information gleaned from 3D nanoprinting simulations. Electron dose modulation is an ideal solution for artifact correction because variations in electron dose have no influence on temperature. Thus, the generalized compensation strategy revealed here will help advance 3D nanoscale printing fidelity for focused electron beam-induced deposition.