The small GTPase ARF3 controls invasion modality and metastasis by regulating N-cadherin levels.

ABSTRACT

ARF GTPases are central regulators of membrane trafficking that control local membrane identity and remodeling facilitating vesicle formation. Unraveling their function is complicated by the overlapping association of ARFs with guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and numerous interactors. Through a functional genomic screen of three-dimensional (3D) prostate cancer cell behavior, we explore the contribution of ARF GTPases, GEFs, GAPs, and interactors to collective invasion. This revealed that ARF3 GTPase regulates the modality of invasion, acting as a switch between leader cell-led chains of invasion or collective sheet movement. Functionally, the ability of ARF3 to control invasion modality is dependent on association and subsequent control of turnover of N-cadherin. In vivo, ARF3 levels acted as a rheostat for metastasis from intraprostatic tumor transplants and ARF3/N-cadherin expression can be used to identify prostate cancer patients with metastatic, poor-outcome disease. Our analysis defines a unique function for the ARF3 GTPase in controlling how cells collectively organize during invasion and metastasis.