Microbial genome (Illumina MiSeq) sequencing of drinking water treatment residuals to evaluate compatibility with environmental applications.

ABSTRACT

The clarification of drinking water leads to the production of large quantities of water treatment residuals (WTRs). DNA was extracted from six WTR samples collected from water treatment plants within the UK to compare their bacterial communities and examine whether factors such as coagulant usage (aluminium versus iron salt), the type of water source (reservoir or river), or leachable chemical composition influence these communities. Bacterial 16S variable region 4 (V4) was amplified and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The most abundant phyla in WTR samples were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Firmicutes, collectively representing 92.77-97.8% of the total bacterial sequences. Statistical analysis of microbial profiles indicated that water source played a significant role in microbial community structure, diversity, and richness, however coagulant type did not. PERMANOVA analysis showed that no single chemical variable (pH, organic matter, or extractable element concentration) influenced microbial composition significantly; however, canonical correspondence analysis of WTR microbiomes yielded a model using all these variables that could be used to explain variations in microbial community structures of WTRs (p < 0.05). No common, potentially toxic cyanobacteria, or related pathogens of concern were found. Analysis with PICRUSt showed that WTRs all had similar predicted microbial functional profiles. Overall, the results indicate that WTRs analysed in this study are unlikely to pose any threat to soil microbial community structure when applied to land as a soil conditioner or enhancer and may help to enhance the soil microbial community.