A promising tool for clinical diagnostics: Dual-emissive carbonized polymer dots based cross-linking enhanced emission for sensitive detection of alkaline phosphatase and butyrylcholinesterase.

ABSTRACT

Compared with single signal readout, dual-signal readout commendably corrects the impact of systematic or background error, achieving more accurate results for the diagnosis of many diseases. This work aimed to design and prepare dual-emissive fluorescent probes for the construction of ratiometric fluorescence biosensors to detect liver disease biomarkers. Sodium alginate (SA) with numerous potential sub-fluorophores and active sites and 4,4',4'',4'''-(porphine-5,10,15,20-tetrayl) tetrakis (benzoic acid) (TCPP) with macrocyclic conjugated structures were introduced to prepare the carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) with red/blue dual emission based on the cross-linking enhanced emission (CEE) effect and the luminescence of macrocyclic conjugated structures. The ratiometric fluorescence sensing systems were constructed by integrating the specific response of CPDs to Cu2+ and the affinity difference of Cu2+ to substrates or products of enzymes. The sensing systems, CPDs/Cu2+/PPi and CPDs/Cu2+/BTCh, were designed to detect liver disease biomarkers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), respectively. The limit of detection for ALP and BChE was 0.35 U/L and 0.19 U/L, respectively. The proposed sensors were successfully applied to human serum samples from different health stages with satisfactory recoveries. These results demonstrate the successful design of a novel dual-emissive fluorescent probe and provide a feasible strategy for clinical detection.