The contribution of muscle spindles to position sense measured with three different methods.

The sense of limb position is important, because it is believed to contribute to our sense of self-awareness. Muscle spindles, including both primary and secondary endings of spindles, are thought to be the principal position sensors. Passive spindles possess a property called thixotropy which allows their sensitivity to be manipulated. Here, thixotropic patterns of position errors have been studied with three commonly used methods of measurement of position sense. The patterns of errors have been used as indicators of the influence exerted by muscle spindles on a measured value of position sense. In two-arm matching, the blindfolded participant indicates the location of one arm by placement of the other. In one-arm pointing, the participant points to the perceived position of their other, hidden arm. In repositioning, one of the blindfolded participant's arms is placed at a chosen angle and they are asked to remember its position and then, after a delay, reproduce the position. The three methods were studied over the full range of elbow angles between 5° (elbow extension) and 125° (elbow flexion). Different outcomes were achieved with each method; in two-arm matching, position errors were symmetrical about zero and thixotropic influences were large, while in one-arm pointing, errors were biased towards extension. In repositioning, thixotropic effects were small. We conclude that each of the methods of measuring position sense comprises different mixes of peripheral and central influences. This will have to be taken into consideration by the clinician diagnosing disturbances in position sense.