Energy-Efficient Ingestible Drug Delivery System in the Dynamic Gastrointestinal Environment.

Ingestible electronics are promising platforms for on-demand health monitoring and drug delivery. However, these devices and their actuators must operate in the gastrointestinal (GI) environment, which has a pH range of 1 to 8. Drug delivery systems using electrochemical dissolution of metal films are particularly susceptible to pH changes. Optimal operation in this dynamic environment stands to transform our capacity to help patients across a range of conditions. Here we present an energy-efficient ingestible electronic electrochemical drug delivery system to support subjects through operation in this dynamic environment. The proposed system consists of a drug reservoir sealed with an electrochemically dissolvable gold membrane and an electronic subsystem. An electronic subsystem controls the rate of gold dissolution by sensing and adapting to the pH of the GI environment and provides an option for energy-efficient drug delivery, reducing energy consumption by up to 42.8 %. Integrating the electronics with electrochemical drug delivery enables the proposed system to adapt to the dynamic physiological environments which makes it suitable for drug and/or therapeutic delivery at different locations in the GI tract.