Sludge-based candidate reference materials for enhanced quality control of particulate processes in total organic carbon analysis for wastewater1.

ABSTRACT

Accurate analyses of total organic carbon (TOC) encompassing particulate organic carbon in wastewater are key for evaluating the behavior of particulate organic contaminants and maintaining the carbon mass balance throughout the wastewater treatment process. This study was conducted to develop candidate reference materials of environmental origin from excess sludge collected from wastewater treatment facilities, primarily receiving industrial wastewater and livestock manure as the main sources. Homogeneity and stability assessments for total carbon (TC) and TOC were conducted in the particle samples following the standardized procedures of ISO Guide 35 and ISO 13258. The results showed that high inorganic carbon (IC) content in particles, such as YJ(500) (IC 29%), rendered them unsuitable for TOC quality control (QC), as they increased uncertainty in both homogeneity and stability assessments. Additionally, a13C NMR analysis revealed that samples with a high (O-alkyl)/(C-H-alkyl) ratio in their carbon structures exhibited relatively low stability. Through the homogeneity and stability assessments, a particle sample, YJ(100), was selected as the reference material (RM); the assigned values were as follows 30.78% for TC and 27.94% for TOC, with uncertainties of 0.01% and 1.1%, respectively. Furthermore, considering sample transportation conditions, the safe storage period for the RM particles was determined to be 2 weeks under harsh conditions (at 40 °C). In our inter-laboratory test (n = 8) using the particle samples, we confirmed that the particle samples can effectively enhance particle processing QC and validate a proposed suspended solids pretreatment method. This study showcases valuable environmental particle sample production and evaluation, offering potential advancements in the QC of TOC analysis for wastewater samples.