Based on metabolomics, chemometrics, and modern separation omics: Identifying key in-pathway and out-pathway points for pesticide residues during solid-state fermentation of baijiu.

ABSTRACT

By collecting real samples throughout the entire production process and employing chemometrics, metabolomics, and modern separation omic techniques, it unveiled the patterns of pesticide transfer during solid-state fermentation. The results indicated that 12 types of pesticide residues were prevalent during baijiu production, with organochlorine and carbamate pesticides being the most abundant in raw materials. After fermentation, organochlorine pesticides and pyrethroid pesticides exhibited higher content, while carbamate pesticides dominated in the final product. The pathways for pesticide input and elimination were identified, and the intricate mechanisms underlying these changes were further elucidated. Additionally, key control points were defined to facilitate targeted monitoring. The results indicated that pesticide residue primarily originates from raw materials and Daqu, whereas both solid-state fermentation and distillation processes were effective in reducing pesticide residues. The study offers valuable guidance for establishing pesticide residue standards in the context of baijiu production.