Machine Learning Identifies Variation in Timing of Palliative Care Consultations Among Traumatic Brain Injury Patients.

ABSTRACT

Background and Objective Timely palliative care involvement offers demonstrable benefits for traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients; however, palliative care consultations (PCCs) are used inconsistently during TBI management. This study aimed to employ advanced machine learning techniques to elucidate the primary drivers of PCC timing variability for TBI patients. Methods Data on admission, hospital course, and outcomes were collected for a cohort of 232 TBI patients who received both PCCs and neurosurgical consultations during the same hospitalization. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering were used to identify patient phenotypes, which were then compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis. An extreme gradient boosting model (XGBoost) was employed to determine drivers of PCC timing, with model interpretation performed using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). Results Cluster A (n = 86) consisted mainly of older (median [IQR] = 87 [78, 94] years), White females with mild TBIs and demonstrated the shortest time-to-PCC (2.5 [1.0, 7.0] days). Cluster B (n = 108) also sustained mild TBIs but comprised moderately younger (81 [75, 86] years) married White males with later PCC (5.0 [3.0, 10.8] days). Cluster C (n = 38) represented much younger (46.5 [29.5, 59.8] years), more severely injured, non-White patients with the latest PCC initiation (9.0 [4.2, 17.0] days). The clusters did not differ by discharge disposition (p = 0.4) or frequency inpatient mortality (p > 0.9); however, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significant difference in the time from admission to PCC (p < 0.001), despite no differences in time from admission to mortality (p = 0.18). SHAP analysis of the XGBoost model identified age, sex, and race as the most influential drivers of PCC timing. Conclusions This study highlights crucial disparities in PCC timing for TBI patients and underscores the need for targeted strategies to ensure timely and equitable palliative care integration for this vulnerable population.