Exploring bacterial community assembly in vadose and saturated zone soil for tailored bioremediation of a long-term hydrocarbon-contaminated site.

ABSTRACT

Indigenous soil microbial communities play a pivotal role in the in situ bioremediation of contaminated sites. However, research on the distribution characteristics of microbial communities at various soil depths remains limited. In particular, there is little information on the assembly of microbial communities, especially those with degradation potential, in the vadose and saturated zones of hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. In this study, 18 soil samples were collected from the vadose zone and saturated zone at a long-term hydrocarbon-contaminated site. The diversity, composition, and driving factors of assembly of the soil bacterial community were determined by high-throughput sequencing analysis. Species richness and diversity were significantly higher in the vadose zone soils than in the saturated zone soils. Significant differences in abundance at both the phylum and genus levels were observed between the two zones. Soil bacterial community assembly was driven by the combination of pollution stress and nutrients in the vadose zone but by nutrient limitations in the saturated zone. The abundance of dechlorinating bacteria was greater in the saturated zone soils than in the vadose zone soils. Compared with contaminant concentrations, nutrient levels had a more pronounced impact on the abundance of dechlorinating bacteria. In addition, the interactions among dechlorinating bacterial populations were stronger in the saturated zone soils than in the vadose zone soils. These findings underscore the importance of comprehensively understanding indigenous microbial communities, especially those with degradation potential, across different soil layers to devise specific, effective in situ bioremediation strategies for contaminated sites.