Effect of degree of polymerization on regenerated cellulose ultrafiltration membrane performance through ZnCl2/AlCl3 aqueous solvent system.

ABSTRACT

The development of a direct method for preparing regenerated cellulose (RC) ultrafiltration membranes from cellulose is urgently needed. In this study, refined cotton was used as the raw material to successfully prepare RC ultrafiltration membranes at room temperature using a ZnCl2/AlCl3 solvent system combined with a nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method. This solvent system effectively degrades cellulose, producing RC ultrafiltration membranes with varying degrees of polymerization (DP). The research results indicate that reducing the DP of cellulose significantly decreases the viscosity of the solution, facilitating the formation of an asymmetric, finger-like pore structures in the membrane. Furthermore, a decrease in DP slightly enlarges the surface pore size and significantly thickens the dense layer. At a DP of 250, the water flux of the DP250-ET membrane reached 630 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1, with a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of ~300 kDa, enabling efficient separation of viruses (LRV > 3.91) and IgG. The exposure of more hydroxy groups on the RC enhances the membrane's hydrophilicity, indicated by a water contact angle (WCA) of 39.5°. Compared to commercial polyethersulfone (PES) membranes, the DP250-ET membrane exhibited lower protein adsorption and excellent anti-fouling performance in practical applications (FRR > 80 %). Overall, this work confirms the significant potential of the eco-friendly ZnCl2/AlCl3 solvent system in the fabrication of RC ultrafiltration membranes, where the structure and performance of the membrane can be tailored by adjusting the DP of cellulose.