Modeling primary microcephaly with human brain organoids reveals fundamental roles of CIT kinase activity.

ABSTRACT

Brain size and cellular heterogeneity are tightly regulated by species-specific proliferation and differentiation of multipotent neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Errors in this process are among the mechanisms of primary hereditary microcephaly (MCPH), a group of disorders characterized by reduced brain size and intellectual disability. Biallelic CIT missense variants that disrupt kinase function (CITKI/KI) and frameshift loss-of-function variants (CITFS/FS) are the genetic basis for MCPH17; however, the function of CIT catalytic activity in brain development and NPC cytokinesis is unknown. Therefore, we created the CitKI/KI mouse model and found that it does not phenocopy human microcephaly, unlike biallelic CitFS/FS animals. Nevertheless, both Cit models exhibited binucleation, DNA damage, and apoptosis. To investigate human-specific mechanisms of CIT microcephaly, we generated CITKI/KI and CITFS/FS human forebrain organoids. We found that CITKI/KI and CITFS/FS organoids lose cytoarchitectural complexity, transitioning from pseudostratified to simple neuroepithelium. This change was associated with defects that disrupt polarity of NPC cytokinesis, in addition to elevating apoptosis. Together, our results indicate that both CIT catalytic and scaffolding functions in NPC cytokinesis are critical for human corticogenesis. Species differences in corticogenesis and the dynamic 3D features of NPC mitosis underscore the utility of human forebrain organoid models for understanding human microcephaly.