Multi-Stage Structural Transformations in Zero-Strain Lithium Titanate Unveiled by in Situ X-ray Absorption Fingerprints.

Zero-strain electrodes, such as spinel lithium titanate (Li4/3Ti5/3O4), are appealing for application in batteries due to their negligible volume change and extraordinary stability upon repeated charge/discharge cycles. On the other hand, this same property makes it challenging to probe their structural changes during the electrochemical reaction. Herein, we report in situ studies of lithiation-driven structural transformations in Li4/3Ti5/3O4 via a combination of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Based on excellent agreement between computational and experimental spectra of Ti K-edge, we identified key spectral features as fingerprints for quantitative assessment of structural evolution at different length scales. Results from this study indicate that, despite the small variation in the crystal lattice during lithiation, pronounced structural transformations occur in Li4/3Ti5/3O4, both locally and globally, giving rise to a multi-stage kinetic process involving mixed quasi-solid solution/macroscopic two-phase transformations over a wide range of Li concentrations. This work highlights the unique capability of combining in situ core-level spectroscopy and first-principles calculations for probing Li-ion intercalation in zero-strain electrodes, which is crucial to designing high-performance electrode materials for long-life batteries.