Integrated biosensor array for multiplex biomarkers cancer diagnosis via in-situ self-assembly carbon nanotubes with an ordered inverse-opal structure.

ABSTRACT

To enhance the precision and reliability of early disease detection, especially in malignancies, an exhaustive investigation of multi-target biomarkers is essential. In this study, an advanced integrated electrochemical biosensor array that demonstrates exceptional performance was constructed. This biosensor was developed through a controllable porous-size mechanism and in-situ modification of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to quantify multiplex biomarkers-specifically, C-reaction protein (CRP), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-in human serum plasma. The fabrication process involved creating a highly ordered three-dimensional inverse-opal structure with the CNTs (pCNTs) modifier through microdroplet-based microfluidics, confined spatial self-assembly of nanoparticles, and chemical wet-etching. This innovative approach allowed for direct in-situ modification of nanomaterial onto the surface of electrode array, eliminating secondary transfer and providing exceptional control over structure and stability. The outstanding electrochemical performance was achieved through the synergistic effect of the pCNTs nanomaterial, aptamer, and horseradish peroxidase-labeled (HRP-) antibody. Additionally, the integrated biosensor array platform comprised multiple individually addressable electrode units (n = 11), enabling simultaneous multi-parallel/target testing, thereby ensuring accuracy and high throughput. Crucially, this integrated biosensor array accurately quantified multiplex biomarkers in human serum, yielding results comparable to commercial methods. This integrated technology holds promise for point-of-care testing (POCT) in early disease diagnosis and biological analysis.