How does ferrocene correlate with ferroptosis? Multiple approaches to explore ferrocene-appended GPX4 inhibitors as anticancer agents.

ABSTRACT

Ferroptosis has emerged as a form of programmed cell death and exhibits remarkable promise for anticancer therapy. However, it is challenging to discover ferroptosis inducers with new chemotypes and high ferroptosis-inducing potency. Herein, we report a new series of ferrocenyl-appended GPX4 inhibitors rationally designed in a "one stone kills two birds" strategy. Ferroptosis selectivity assays, GPX4 inhibitory activity and CETSA experiments validated the inhibition of novel compounds on GPX4. In particular, the ROS-related bioactivity assays highlighted the ROS-inducing ability of 17 at the molecular level and their ferroptosis enhancement at the cellular level. These data confirmed the dual role of ferrocene as both the bioisostere motif maintaining the inhibition capacity of certain molecules with GPX4 and also as the ROS producer to enhance the vulnerability to ferroptosis of cancer cells, thereby attenuating tumor growth in vivo. This proof-of-concept study of ferrocenyl-appended ferroptosis inducers via rational design may not only advance the development of ferroptosis-based anticancer treatment, but also illuminate the multiple roles of the ferrocenyl component, thus opening the way to novel bioorganometallics for potential disease therapies.