CBX4 counteracts cellular senescence to desensitize gastric cancer cells to chemotherapy by inducing YAP1 SUMOylation.

ABSTRACT

AIMS: As our comprehension of the intricate relationship between cellular senescence and tumor biology continues to evolve, the therapeutic potential of cellular senescence is gaining increasing recognition. Here, we identify chromobox 4 (CBX4), a Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase, as an antagonist of cellular senescence and elucidate a novel mechanism by which CBX4 promotes drug resistance and malignant progression of gastric cancer (GC). METHODS: In vitro and in vivo models were conducted to investigate the manifestation and impact of CBX4 on cellular senescence and chemoresistance. High-throughput sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and co-immunoprecipitation techniques were utilized to identify the upstream regulators and downstream effectors associated with CBX4, revealing its intricate regulatory network. RESULTS: CBX4 diminishes the sensitivity of GC cells to cellular senescence, facilitating chemoresistance and GC development by deactivating the senescence-related Hippo pathway. Mechanistically, low-dose cisplatin transcriptionally downregulates CBX4 through CEBPB. In addition, CBX4 preserves the stability and cytoplasm-nuclear transport of YAP1, the key player of Hippo pathway, by inducing SUMO1 modification at K97 and K280, which competitively inhibits YAP1-S127 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the anti-senescence role of CBX4 and suggests that CBX4 inhibition in combination with low-dose cisplatin has the potential to overcome chemoresistance and effectively restrict GC progression.