A review of pulmonary toxicity studies of nanocellulose.

In recent years, nanocellulose (NC) obtained by defibrating cellulose to the nanometer level has been developed, and its development for various applications, e.g. as an additive for cosmetics and as a component of structural elements, is progressing. However, because NC has unique physico-chemical properties that are not found in conventional nanomaterials, particularly when inhaled, there are concerns about unexpected effects on organisms. This review summarizes the progress of in vivo experiments on the effects of NC on the respiratory system by inhalation. In addition, this review will provide new insights into NC toxicity studies by comparing the effects of fibrous nanomaterials.