Phosphorylated Gß is a directional cue during yeast gradient tracking.

Budding yeast cells interpret shallow pheromone gradients from cells of the opposite mating type, polarize their growth toward the pheromone source, and fuse at the chemotropic growth site. We previously proposed a deterministic, gradient-sensing model that explains how yeast cells switch from the intrinsically positioned default polarity site (DS) to the gradient-aligned chemotropic site (CS) at the plasma membrane. Because phosphorylation of the mating-specific Gß subunit is thought to be important for this process, we developed a biosensor that bound to phosphorylated but not unphosphorylated Gß and monitored its spatiotemporal dynamics to test key predictions of our gradient-sensing model. In mating cells, the biosensor colocalized with both Gß and receptor reporters at the DS and then tracked with them to the CS. The biosensor concentrated on the leading side of the tracking Gß and receptor peaks and was the first to arrive and stop tracking at the CS. Our data showed that the concentrated localization of phosphorylated Gß correlated with the tracking direction and final position of the G protein and receptor, consistent with the idea that gradient-regulated phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of Gß contributes to gradient sensing. Cells expressing a nonphosphorylatable mutant form of Gß exhibited defects in gradient tracking, orientation toward mating partners, and mating efficiency.