Photoelectron jets and interference structures in ionization beyond dipole approximation: carrier- envelope phase effects and vortex streets.

ABSTRACT

We have analyzed photoelectron jet formation in strong-field ionization using the hydrodynamic picture of quantum mechanics. We showed that von-Kármán-like vortex streets emerge in between jets in photoelectron momentum distributions. The spatial orientation of the jets can be controlled by tailoring the carrier-envelope phase of the driving laser pulse. This indicates that it is possible to experimentally measure emitted photoelectrons off the optical axis, which opens up new possibilities for high-frequency laser pulse diagnostics.