Effectiveness of High-Fiber, Plant-Based Diets in Reducing Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review.

ABSTRACT

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a prominent contributor to morbidity and mortality, particularly in the middle-aged and elderly population. Plant-based, high-fiber diets high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts can significantly lower CVD risk factors. This systematic review aims to assess how effectively diet improves cardiovascular health in this demographic. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, we thoroughly searched PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov, explicitly focusing on papers published in English. The review identified 10 pertinent papers, including three systematic reviews, one randomized-controlled trial (RCT), two observational studies, and four review articles demonstrating significant improvements in blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and glycemic management associated with high-fiber plant-based diets (PBDs). The research specifically emphasized the significance of dietary fiber in decreasing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and reducing systemic inflammation. These data support the concept that PBDs high in fiber can effectively lower CVD risk factors. However, limitations such as self-reported dietary intake and variability in adherence were noted. In conclusion, high-fiber PBDs are a viable strategy for managing and preventing CVD in middle-aged and older adults. Future research should focus on long-term adherence, the comparative benefits of different plant-based foods, and developing personalized dietary recommendations to optimize cardiovascular health outcomes in this population.