Histopathological analysis of soft tissue changes in gingival biopsied specimen from patients with underlying corona virus disease associated mucormycosis (CAM)

ABSTRACT

Background: Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) is perhaps the disastrous medical emergencies that has ever hit globally with multiple strains. Amongst various sequelae, mucormycosis may be considered as the most debilitating one. Post COVID-19 mucormycosis is formally regarded as corona virus disease associated mucormycosis (CAM). The aim of the current paper is to present twelve cases of CAM with unique clinical presentation with a detailed histopathological correlation of the gingival biopsied material. Material and Methods: Twelve cases of CAM were included in the study who presented initially with non-purulent swelling of the gingiva. The clinic-demographic data pertaining to age, gender, location, laterality and presence of co-morbidities was collected along with histopathological examination of biopsied specimen. Results: The patients ranged from 31-65 years (mean age 47.33 years). There was a male predominance. Clearly, maxillary right gingiva was mostly affected and all cases presented with non purulent, non tender swelling of the gingiva. The incisional biopsy from the gingiva consistently showed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the surface epithelium along with vacuolar degeneration, extensive stromal edema, massive mixed inflammatory reaction, congested blood vessels, hemorrhage and abundant multinucleated giant cells. Potassium hydroxide (10% KOH) mount served no additional diagnostic advantage. After two initial biopsies any suspected case of CAM with these features was treated with appropriate antifungal therapy and conservative excision. Conclusions: Gingival swelling with aforementioned histopathological features resembling post COVID-19 histological alterations could be alarming early signs of CAM and are candidate of prompt antifungal therapy rather than repeat biopsy for confirmation.(AU)