Trends in Sickle Cell Trait and Disease Screening in the Republic of Uganda, 2014-2019.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Sickle cell disease is an important public health issue that is increasingly recognized as a substantial contributor to morbidity and early childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to provide information from large-scale, long-term sickle cell screening efforts in Africa. METHODS: We used nationally representative data from the centralized public health laboratory database in Uganda to examine epidemiological trends in sickle cell screening over a five-year period, comparing age and geographic adjustments to prevalence among different testing cohorts of children aged 0-24 months, and calculating screening coverage within high-burden districts. RESULTS: A total of 324,356 children aged 0-24 months were screened for sickle cell trait and disease from February 2014 to March 2019. A high national burden of sickle cell disease (0.9%) was confirmed among a cohort of samples co-tested with HIV. In the cohort of samples referred specifically for sickle cell testing, the overall prevalence of sickle cell disease was 9.7% and particularly elevated in high-burden districts where focused screening occurred. The majority of children were screened before age 4 months, but the sickle specific cohort had a larger proportion of affected children tested between age 5-9 months, coincident with onset of disease signs and symptoms. Successful screening coverage of sickle cell disease births was achieved in several high-burden districts. CONCLUSIONS: Examination and analysis of national sickle cell screening trends in Uganda documents the successes of focused screening strategies as an important step toward universal screening. With this evidence and increased healthcare provider knowledge, Uganda can optimize sickle cell diagnosis and management across the country.