Implante Percutâneo Transeptal de Bioprótese em Disfunção de Prótese Valvar Cirúrgica Mitral - Experiência Multicêntrica Brasileira / Percutaneous Transseptal Bioprosthetic Implantation in Failed Prosthetic Surgical Mitral Valve - Brazilian Multicenter Experience

Resumo Fundamento A intervenção percutânea em pacientes com disfunção de prótese biológica mitral apresenta-se como uma alternativa ao tratamento cirúrgico convencional. Objetivo Relatar a primeira experiência brasileira de implante transcateter de bioprótese valve-in-valve mitral via transeptal (TMVIV-via transeptal). Métodos Foram incluídos pacientes portadores de disfunção de bioprótese cirúrgica submetidos ao TMVIV-transeptal em 12 hospitais brasileiros. Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p<0,05. Resultados Entre junho/2016 e fevereiro/2019, 17 pacientes foram submetidos ao TMVIV-via transeptal. A mediana de idade foi 77 anos (IIQ,70-82), a mediana do escore STS-PROM foi 8,7% (IIQ,7,2-17,8). Todos os pacientes tinham sintomas limitantes de insuficiência cardíaca (CF≥III), tendo 5 (29,4%) sido submetidos a mais de uma toracotomia prévia. Obteve-se sucesso do TMVIV-via transeptal em todos os pacientes. A avaliação ecocardiográfica demonstrou redução significativa do gradiente médio (pré-intervenção, 12±3,8 mmHg; pós-intervenção, 5,3±2,6 mmHg; p<0,001), assim como aumento da área valvar mitral (pré-intervenção, 1,06±0,59 cm2; pós-intervenção, 2,18±0,36 cm2; p<0,001) sustentados em 30 dias. Houve redução significativa e imediata da pressão sistólica de artéria pulmonar, com redução adicional em 30 dias (pré-intervenção, 68,9±16,4 mmHg; pós-intervenção, 57,7±16,5 mmHg; 30 dias, 50,9±18,7 mmHg; p<0,001). Durante o seguimento, com mediana de 162 dias (IIQ, 102-411), observou-se marcada melhora clínica (CF≤II) em 87,5%. Um paciente (5,9%) apresentou obstrução de via de saída de ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE), evoluindo para óbito logo após o procedimento, e outro morreu aos 161 dias de seguimento.Conclusão: A primeira experiência brasileira de TMVIV-transeptal demonstra a segurança e a efetividade dessa nova técnica. A obstrução da VSVE é uma complicação potencialmente fatal, reforçando a importância da seleção dos pacientes e do planejamento do procedimento. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Abstract Background Percutaneous intervention in patients with bioprosthetic mitral valve dysfunction is an alternative to conventional surgical treatment. Objectives To report the first Brazilian experience with transseptal transcatheter bioprosthetic mitral valve-in-valve implantation (transseptal-TMVIV). Methods Patients with surgical bioprosthetic dysfunction submitted to transseptal-TMVIV in 12 Brazilian hospitals were included. The significance level adopted was p<0.05. Results From June/2016 to February/2019, 17 patients underwent transseptal-TMVIV. Their median age was 77 years (IQR,70-82) and median Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality (STS-PROM) score was 8.7% (IQR,7.2-17.8). All patients had limiting symptoms of heart failure (FC≥III) and 5 (29.4%) had undergone more than one previous thoracotomy. Transseptal-TMVIV was successful in all patients. Echocardiographic assessment showed a significant reduction in mean mitral valve gradient (pre-intervention, 12±3.8 mmHg; post-intervention, 5.3±2.6 mmHg; p<0.001), in addition to an increase in mitral valve area (pre-intervention, 1.06±0.59 cm2; post-intervention, 2.18±0.36 cm2; p<0.001) sustained for 30 days. There was a significant and immediate reduction in the pulmonary artery systolic pressure, with an additional reduction in 30 days (pre-intervention, 68.9±16.4 mmHg; post-intervention, 57.7±16.5 mmHg; 30 days, 50.9±18.7 mmHg; p<0.001). During follow-up (median, 162 days; IQR, 102-411), significant clinical improvement (FC≤II) was observed in 87.5% of the patients. One patient (5.9%) had left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and died right after the procedure, and another died at 161 days of follow-up. Conclusion The first Brazilian experience with transseptal-TMVIV shows the safety and effectivity of the new technique. The LVOT obstruction is a potentially fatal complication, reinforcing the importance of patients' selection and of procedural planning. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Insuficiência cardíaca aguda (ICA) - como avaliar o perfil hemodinâmico e quando internar / Acute heart failure (AHF) - how to evaluate the hemodynamic profile and when to hospitalize

A Insuficiência cardíaca é uma síndrome clínica cuja prevalência vem aumentado nos últimos anos, sendo uma das principais causas de internação no Brasil e no mundo. A apresentação da insuficiência cardíaca aguda compreende dois espectros, quais sejam, insuficiência cardíaca crônica agudizada e insuficiência cardíaca nova e ambas estão associadas a alta morbidade e mortalidade. A primeira abordagem desses pacientes deve ser realizada de maneira sistemática para estabelecer o diagnóstico, classificação hemodinâmica e estratificação de risco para orientar adequadamente as condutas iniciais. A decisão terapêutica imediata é essencial para otimizar o manejo desses pacientes, visando a melhor evolução prognóstica intra e extra-hospitalar

Heart failure is a clinical syndrome that has been increasing over the last few years and is currently one of the main causes of hospitalization in Brazil and in the world. Acute heart failure has two forms of presentation - chronic acute decompensated heart failure and new heart failure, both conditions being associated with high morbidity and mortality. The first approach to these patients should be conducted systematically in order to establish the diagnosis, the hemodynamic classification, and the risk stratification in order to adequately guide the initial conducts. An immediate therapeutic decision is essential to optimize the intra- and extra-hospital management of these patients for better prognostic evolution

Hypertension and arterial stiffness in heart transplantation patients

OBJECTIVES: Post-transplantation hypertension is prevalent and is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and subsequent graft dysfunction. The present study aimed to identify the factors associated with arterial stiffness as measured by the ambulatory arterial stiffness index. METHODS: The current study used a prospective, observational, analytical design to evaluate a group of adult heart transplantation patients. Arterial stiffness was obtained by monitoring ambulatory blood pressure and using the ambulatory arterial stiffness index as the surrogate outcome. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to control confounding. RESULTS: In a group of 85 adult heart transplantation patients, hypertension was independently associated with arterial stiffness (OR 4.98, CI 95% 1.06-23.4) as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure averages and nighttime descent. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of ambulatory arterial stiffness index is a new, non-invasive method that is easy to perform, may contribute to better defining arterial stiffness prognosis and is associated with hypertension.

Analysis Treatment Guideline versus Clinical Practice Protocol in Patients Hospitalized due to Heart Failure / Análise de Diretriz de Tratamento versus Protocolo Assistencial em Pacientes Internados por Insuficiência Cardíaca

Background: Despite the availability of guidelines for treatment of heart failure (HF), only a few studies have assessed how hospitals adhere to the recommended therapies. Objectives: Compare the rates of adherence to the prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB) at hospital discharge, which is considered a quality indicator by the Joint Commission International, and to the prescription of beta-blockers at hospital discharge, which is recommended by national and international guidelines, in a hospital with a case management program to supervise the implementation of a clinical practice protocol (HCP) and another hospital that follows treatment guidelines (HCG). Methods: Prospective observational study that evaluated patients consecutively admitted to both hospitals due to decompensated HF between August 1st, 2006, and December 31st, 2008. We used as comparing parameters the prescription rates of beta-blockers and ACEI/ARB at hospital discharge and in-hospital mortality. Results: We analyzed 1,052 patients (30% female, mean age 70.6 ± 14.1 years), 381 (36%) of whom were seen at HCG and 781 (64%) at HCP. The prescription rates of beta-blockers at discharge at HCG and HCP were both 69% (p = 0.458), whereas those of ACEI/ARB were 83% and 86%, respectively (p = 0.162). In-hospital mortality rates were 16.5% at HCP and 27.8% at HCG (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There was no difference in prescription rates of beta-blocker and ACEI/ARB at hospital discharge between the institutions, but HCP had lower in-hospital mortality. This difference in mortality may be attributed to different clinical characteristics of the patients in both hospitals.

Fundamento: Apesar da disponibilidade de diretrizes de tratamento para insuficiência cardíaca (IC), há poucos estudos avaliando a adesão dos hospitais ao tratamento preconizado. Objetivos: Comparar as taxas de adesão à prescrição de inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou antagonista do receptor de angiotensina II (IECA/BRA) na alta hospitalar, considerada indicadora de qualidade pela Joint Commission International, e à prescrição de betabloqueador na alta hospitalar, preconizada por diretrizes nacionais e internacionais, em um hospital que utiliza gerenciamento de casos para supervisionar a implementação de um protocolo assistencial (HPA) e outro que utiliza diretrizes de tratamento (HDT). Métodos: Estudo observacional prospectivo que avaliou pacientes consecutivamente admitidos em ambos os hospitais por IC descompensada entre 1º de agosto de 2006 a 31 de dezembro de 2008. Os parâmetros comparados entre os hospitais foram as taxas de prescrição de betabloqueador e IECA/BRA na alta hospitalar e a mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Resultados: Analisamos 1.052 pacientes (30% do sexo feminino, média de idade 70,6 ± 14,1 anos) dos quais 381 (36%) eram do HDT e 781 (64%) do HPA. No HDT e no HPA, as taxas de prescrição de betabloqueador na alta foram ambas de 69% (p = 0,458), e de prescrição de IECA/BRA foi de 83% e 86%, respectivamente (p = 0,162). A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 16,5% no HPA e de 27,8% no HDT (p < 0,001). Conclusão: Não houve diferença entre as instituições em relação à prescrição de betabloqueador e IECA/BRA na alta hospitalar, mas a mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi menor no HPA. Esta diferença na mortalidade pode ser atribuída às características clínicas distintas dos pacientes em ambos os hospitais.

Risk factors of mortality in nine years of follow-up after dynamic cardiomyoplasty

OBJETIVO: Analisar, retrospectivamente, a sobrevivência dos pacientes submetidos a cardiomioplastia dinâmica, determinando a influência de fatores pré, intra e pós-operatório e o comportamento da fraçäo de ejeçäo conforme o modo de estimulaçäo. MÉTODO: Foram analisados 43 pacientes submetidos a cardiomioplastia dinâmica, no período de maio de 1988 a setembro de 1997. A classe funcional III foi predominante (81,4 por cento). A fraçäo de ejeçäo média do VE foi de 19,37±3,48 por cento. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 2,2 por cento e 39 pacientes, que completaram o período de condicionamento, tiveram seguimento médio de 46±26 meses. Vinte e oito pacientes foram mantidos predominantemente sob estimulaçäo em modo 1:1 e 11 pacientes foram mantidos predominantemente sob estimulaçäo em modo 1:2. RESULTADOS: A sobrevivência foi de 9 por cento em nove anos. As causas de óbito foram progressäo da insuficiência cardíaca e morte súbita. A classe funcional, o índice de resistência vascular pulmonar e o modo de estimulaçäo foram identificados como fatores independentes de prognóstico. A manutençäo da melhora da fraçäo de ejeçäo do VE em relaçäo ao pré-operatório foi mais consistente ao longo do período estudado, quando o enxerto muscular foi estimulado em modo 1:2. CONCLUSAO: Os resultados tardios da cardiomioplastia dinâmica säo limitados pela alta incidência de morte súbita e de óbitos decorrentes da progressäo da doença de base. A sobrevivência é influenciada pela condiçäo clínica pré-operatória e pelo modo de estimulaçäo do enxerto. O desempenho do enxerto muscular é mais satisfatório a longo prazo quando submetido à estimulaçäo modo 1:2.

Analise dos fatores de risco da doença vascular do enxerto em pacientes assintomáticos após transplante cardíaco / Analysis of the risk factors for allograft vasculopathy in asymptomatic patients after cardiac transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of immune and nonimmune risk factors on the development of allograft vasculopathy after cardiac transplantation. METHODS: We studied 39 patients with a mean age of 46 + or - 12 years. The following variables were analyzed: weight (kg), body mass index (kg/m²), donor's age and sex, rejection episodes in the first and second years after transplantation, systolic and diastolic blood pressures (mmHg), total cholesterol and fractions (mg/dL), triglycerides (mg/dL), diabetes, and cytomegalovirus infection. The presence of allograft vasculopathy was established through coronary angiography. RESULTS: Allograft vasculopathy was observed in 15 (38 percent) patients. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in regard to hypertension, cytomegalovirus infection, diabetes, donor's sex and age, rejection episodes in the first and second years after transplantation, and cholesterol levels. We observed a tendency toward higher levels of triglycerides in the group with disease. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed statistically significant differences between the two groups when we analyzed the body mass index (24.53 + or - 4.3 versus 28.11 + or - 4.6; p=0.019). CONCLUSION: Body mass index was an important marker of allograft vasculopathy in the population studied

Dinâmica da avaliação de pacientes para transplante cardíaco ou cardiomioplastia / Evaluation of Patient Selection for Heart Transplantation or Dynamic Cardiomyoplasty

PURPOSE--To evaluate patient selection for heart transplantation or dynamic cardiomyoplasty. METHODS--We evaluated 380 patients from April 1991 to July 1993. The ages ranged between 16 and 68 (mean 43.5 +/- 11.46) years, 303 (79.7 per cent) were male. The diagnoses were dilated cardiomyopathy in 163 (42.9 per cent), Chagas' cardiomyopathy in 70 (18.4 per cent), ischemic heart disease in 61 (16.1 per cent), hypertensive heart disease in 40 (10.5 per cent), valvular heart disease in 23 (6.1 per cent), alcoholic cardiomyopathy in 12(3.2 per cent), peripartum cardiomyopathy in 5 (1.3 per cent) and myocarditis of unknown etiology in 5 (1.3 per cent). RESULTS--The indication of heart transplantation was eventually done in 55 (14.4 per cent), and 19 (5 per cent) were submitted to transplantation. Dynamic cardiomyoplasty was indicated in 9 (2.3 per cent) patients and was performed in 8 (2.1 per cent). In 30 (7.8 per cent) patients there were clinical contraindications for transplantation. Conventional surgical treatment was indicated for 12 (3.1 per cent) patients: myocardial revascularization and/or ventricular aneurismectomy in 5, surgical treatment of valvular heart disease in 6 and of atrial fibrillation in 1. Socioeconomic limitations precluded transplantation in 43 (11.3 per cent) and psychic limitations hindered transplantation in 23 (6.0 per cent) patients. Refusal of procedure by the patient occurred in 10 (2.6 per cent) cases. Improvement of the symptoms occurred in 69 (18.1 per cent) patients. CONCLUSION--A small percentage of patients are eligible and are eventually submitted to heart transplantation or dynamic cardiomyoplasty. New strategies may be delineated during follow up, as deferring transplantation or conventional surgical treatment of ischemic or valvular heart disease. Sociopsychic evaluation is an important step in the care of the patients