Malaria in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, an Atlantic Forest area: an assessment using the health surveillance service

The lethality of malaria in the extra-Amazonian region is more than 70 times higher than in Amazonia itself. Recently, several studies have shown that autochthonous malaria is not a rare event in the Brazilian southeastern states in the Atlantic Forest biome. Information about autochthonous malaria in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) is scarce. This study aims to assess malaria cases reported to the Health Surveillance System of the State of Rio de Janeiro between 2000-2010. An average of 90 cases per year had parasitological malaria confirmation by thick smear. The number of malaria notifications due to Plasmodium falciparum increased over time. Imported cases reported during the period studied were spread among 51% of the municipalities (counties) of the state. Only 35 cases (4.3%) were autochthonous, which represents an average of 3.8 new cases per year. Eleven municipalities reported autochthonous cases; within these, six could be characterised as areas of residual or new foci of malaria from the Atlantic Forest system. The other 28 municipalities could become receptive for transmission reintroduction. Cases occurred during all periods of the year, but 62.9% of cases were in the first semester of each year. Assessing vulnerability and receptivity conditions and vector ecology is imperative to establish the real risk of malaria reintroduction in RJ.

Esquistossomose mansônica: aspectos gerais, imunologia, patogênese e história natural: [revisão] / Schistosomiasis mansoni: general aspects, immunology, pathogenesis and natural history: [review]

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A esquistossomose mansônica ainda hoje é um grave problema de saúde pública no país. Sua patogênese é dependente da interação do parasita e do hospedeiro podendo acometer diferentes órgãos e sistemas. O objetivo deste estudo foi trazer ao leitor uma visão geral da etiologia e da patogênese da esquistossomose, seus aspectos patológicos, determinantes de maior importância para seu desenvolvimento e manifestações clínicas. Foram utilizadas as palavras esquistossomose mansônica, etiologia, imunologia, patogênese e história natural como descritores na pesquisa de dados nas bases Scielo (Scientific Eletronic Library Online) e Pubmed (U. S. National Library of Medicine), assim como livros-texto relacionados ao tema. CONTEÚDO: O S. mansoni, apresenta alguns mecanismos de "escape" contra o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro dentre os quais alterações morfológicas e bioquímicas. Um dos eventos patogênicos mais importantes na esquistossomose é a formação do granuloma hepático e a fibrose hepática peri-portal. A formação dos granulomas em diferentes órgãos explica as manifestações da doença, como a hipertensão porta, a forma pseudotumoral, aneurológica e vásculo-pulmonar. CONCLUSÃO: A esquistossomose aguda é representada por manifestações pruriginosas na pele, de duração geralmente transitória e cedendo quase sempre espontaneamente. Em relação à sua fase crônica, pode se apresentar de maneira polimórfica, sendo a forma hepatointestinal a mais frequentemente observada,representando a fase intermediária na evolução da doença para aforma hepatoesplênica.

BAC KGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The schistosomiasis mansoni is still regarded today as a grave public health problem for this country. Its pathogenesis is dependable on the host parasite interaction making it possible to affect different organs and systems. The aim of this article is to bring to the reader a general view of the etiology and pathogenesis of schistosomiasis,its pathological aspects, determinant and of major importance for its development and clinical manifestations. There have beenused the words schistosomiasis mansoni, etiology, immunology, pathogenesis and natural history as descriptions for the data researchon these databases: Scielo (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and Pubmed (U. S. National Library of Medicine), as much as textbooks related to the theme. CONTENTS : The Schistosoma mansoni presents some evasion mechanisms against the host's immunological system including morphological and biochemical modifications. One of the most important pathogenical events on the schistosomiasis is the formation of hepatic granuloma and periportal hepatic fibrosis.The formations of granulomas on different organs explain the manifestations of the disease, such as the portal hypertension,the pseudotumoral form, and the neurological and vascular lung forms. CONCLUSION: The acute schistosomiasis is represented by prickly skin manifestations, of generally transitory duration. They almost always give away spontaneously. In relation with its chronic phase this can present itself on a polymorphic manner.The hepatointestinal is the most frequently observed, representing the intermediate phase on the disease evolution towards the hepatosplenic form.