Influence of parental smoking on the use of alcohol and illicit drugs among adolescents / Influência do tabagismo parental no consumo de álcool e drogas ilícitas entre adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between parental smoking and the use of alcohol and illicit drugs among adolescent children. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 6,264 adolescents (59.7% female) aged between 14 and 19 years. To establish the sample, we used two-stage cluster random sampling. The data on parental smoking and use of cigarettes, alcohol and illicit drugs among adolescents were collected using a questionnaire. Results: Smoking adolescents were more prone to use alcohol (odds ratio − OR: 10.35; 95%CI: 7.85-13.65) and illicit drugs (OR: 11.75; 95%CI: 9.04-15.26) than non-smokers (p<0.001). Adolescents with at least one parent (OR: 1.4; 95%CI: 1.13-1.89) or both parents smoking (OR: 1.6; 95%CI: 1.01-2.67) were more likely to smoke when compared to those having no parents smoking. The adjusted analysis limited to non-smoking adolescents showed a positive association (p<0.05) between parental tobacco use and the use of alcohol (OR: 1.4; 95%CI: 1.23-1.62) and illicit drugs (OR: 1.6; 95%CI: 1.24-2.13), irrespective of age, sex, maternal schooling and place of residence. Conclusion: Parental smoking was associated with the use of alcohol and other illicit drugs by adolescents, even among nonsmokers.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre tabagismo parental e uso de álcool e drogas ilícitas dos filhos adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido com 6.264 adolescentes (59,7% meninas) com idade entre 14 e 19 anos. Para estabelecimento da amostra, recorreu-se à amostragem aleatória por conglomerados em dois estágios. Os dados sobre tabagismo dos pais e uso de cigarros, álcool e drogas ilícitas entre os adolescentes foram obtidos por questionário. Resultados: Os adolescentes fumantes eram mais propensos a usar álcool (odds ratio − OR: 10,35; IC95%: 7,85-13,65) e drogas ilícitas (OR: 11,75; IC95%: 9,04-15,26) do que os não fumantes (p<0,001). Os adolescentes que pelo menos um dos pais fumava (OR: 1,4; IC95%: 1,13-1,89) ou os dois fumavam (OR: 1,6; IC95%: 1,01-2,67) tiveram mais chances de fumar quando comparados aos que não tinham pais fumantes. Análise ajustada limitada a adolescentes não fumantes revelou associação positiva (p<0,05) entre o tabagismo dos pais e o consumo de álcool (OR: 1,4; IC95%: 1,23-1,62) e drogas ilícitas (OR: 1,6; IC95%: 1,24-2,13), independentemente de sexo, idade, escolaridade materna e região de moradia. Conclusão: O tabagismo dos pais esteve associado com o consumo de álcool e outras drogas ilícitas em adolescentes, até mesmo entre os não fumantes.

Magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological testing in the spectrum of normal aging

OBJECTIVE: To understand the relationships between brain structures and function (behavior and cognition) in healthy aging. METHOD: The study group was composed of 56 healthy elderly subjects who underwent neuropsychological assessment and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. Cluster analysis classified the cohort into two groups, one (cluster 1) in which the magnetic resonance imaging metrics were more preserved (mean age: 66.4 years) and another (cluster 2) with less preserved markers of healthy brain tissue (mean age: 75.4 years). RESULTS: The subjects in cluster 2 (older group) had worse indices of interference in the Stroop test compared with the subjects in cluster 1 (younger group). Therefore, a simple test such as the Stroop test could differentiate groups of younger and older subjects based on magnetic resonance imaging metrics. CONCLUSION: These results are in agreement with the inhibitory control hypotheses regarding cognitive aging and may also be important in the interpretation of studies with other clinical groups, such as patients with dementia and mild cognitive impairment. .