Superioridad del nuevo puntaje de riesgo ACC/AHA 2013 por sobre el puntaje de Framingham, en la predicción de riesgo de mortalidad cardiovascular en Santiago / Evaluation the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association Predictive score for cardiovascular diseases

Background: Recently, the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) proposed a new cardiovascular risk (CV) score. Aim: To evaluate the new risk score (ACC/AHA 2013) in a Chilean population. Material and Methods: Between 2002 and 2014, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profile and fasting blood glucose levels were measured and a survey about CV risk factors was responded by 3,284 subjects aged 40 to 79 years (38% females), living in urban Santiago. ACC/AHA 2013, FRAM and Chilean FRAM scores were calculated. All-cause mortality was determined in July 2014 by consulting the Death Registry of the Chilean Identification Service, with an average follow up of 7 ± 3 years. Results: The prevalence of risk factors were 78% for dyslipidemia, 37% for hypertension, 20% for smoking, 7% for diabetes, 20% for obesity and 54% for physical inactivity. The mean FRAM, Chilean FRAM and ACC/AHA scores were 8, 3 and 9%, respectively. During follow-up, 94 participants died and 34 deaths were of cardiovascular cause. Participants who died had a higher prevalence of hypertension (p < 0.01) and diabetes (p < 0. 01) and tended to be older (p = 0.06). The FRAM score for 10 years for deceased and surviving patients was 12 and 8%, respectively (p = NS). The figures for the Chilean FRAM were 5 and 2%, respectively (p = 0.09). The figures for the ACC/AHA 2013 score were 33 and 9%, respectively (p = 0.04). According to receiver operating characteristic curves, ACC/AHA 2013 had a higher area under de curve for CV mortality than FRAM and Chilean FRAM. Conclusions: The new ACC/AHA 2013 score, is better than traditional FRAM and Chilean FRAM scores in predicting cardiovascular mortality in a low risk population.

Caracterización de pacientes hospitalizados con neoplasia activa y diagnóstico de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa mediante la puntuación de Khorana en el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer / Khorama score as a predictive tool for thromboembolic events in high risk patients

Background: There is an established relation between cancer and the development of thromboembolic venous disease. Khorana et al developed a predictive score using clinical characteristics and laboratory values to stratify patients according to their risk. Aim: To characterize using Khorana score, patients with active cancer and a diagnosis of thromboembolic disease during hospitalization in an oncology hospital. Material and Methods: Review of records of the pharmacy of the hospital, selecting patients who received heparin in therapeutic doses during their hospitalization. Using laboratory values available in the medical records, the Khorama score was calculated. Results: Twenty seven patients with thromboembolic events, aged 60 ± 2 years (56% males) were selected for the study. Eighty percent of them were catalogued in the intermediate and high risk group according to Khorana score. Conclusions: Khorana score is a simple scale that might be useful to establish early prophylactic measures in patients with high risk for thromboembolic events, especially those with cancer.

Agregación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y conciencia de enfermedad en trabajadores de un hospital universitario / Cardiovascular risk factors in a group of health care workers

Background: Health promotion can be carried out at work places. Aim: To assess cardiovascular risk factors among workers of a University hospital. Material and Methods: Cross sectional study of 888 participants (aged 41 ± 11 years, 76% women), who answered a survey about cardiovascular risk factors. Body mass index, waist, blood pressure and total cholesterol (TC) by capillary method were determined. Results: Self reported prevalence of risk factors were as follows: 19% of participants had high blood pressure, 30% hypercholesterolemia, 6% diabetes, 41% smoked, 88% were sedentary and 26% had a family history of cardiovascular diseases. Five percent of participants did not have any risk factor, 20% had one risk factor, 32% had two and 43% had three or more. The highest frequency of lack of awareness was about blood glucose values. A high blood cholesterol level was found in 27% of those reporting normal cholesterol levels. Likewise, a high body mass index was found in 18% of those reporting a normal weight. Conclusions: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in this group of participants is similar to that found in the last national health survey in Chile. Noteworthy is the lack of awareness about these risk factors.

Hipertensión arterial: el factor de riesgo más importante para grosor íntima-media carotídeo elevado y placa carotídea en adultos de Santiago / Risk factors for a high carotid intima media thickness among healthy adults

Background: Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) is a marker of cardiovascular damage that can be modified by traditional risk factors. Aim: To determine attributable risk factors for a high CIMT among healthy adults. Material ana Methods: A sample of 1270 individuáis (636 males and 634 femóles) aged 44 ±11 years, was studied. Blood pressure, weight, height, lipidprofile and blood glucose were measured in all. CIMT and thepresence of atheroscleroticplaques were determined by carotid ultrasound. Standard criteria were used to define hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes. Results: Mean CIMT in the sample studied was 0.62 ± 0.01 mm and percentile 75 was 0.67. The most important risk factor for a CIMT over percentile 75 and thepresence of atherosclerotic plaques was hypertension with attributable risks of 54 and 57 percent, respectively. Conclusions: In this sample, the main risk factor for a high CIMT was hypertension.

Relación entre capacidad aeróbica máxima, componentes del síndrome metabólico e inflamación subclínica en sujetos estudiados en una Unidad de Cardiología Preventiva Ambulatoria / Relationship between aerobic capacity, metabolic syndrome components and chronic subclinical inflammatory markers in subjects attending a primary prevention clinic

Antecedentes: El síndrome metabólico (SMET) está presente en uno de cada 4 sujetos en Chile. Existiría una relación directa entre el SMET y la inflamación subclínica crónica determinada por proteína C-reactiva ultrasensible (PCRus). La actividad física se asocia a un aumento en la sensibilidad a insulina y menor desarrollo de SMET y diabetes. Existe escasa información sobre la relación entre la actividad física, SMET y PCRus. Objetivos: Determinar la relación entre la capacidad aeróbica determinada por ergometría, los factores de riesgo del SMET y la inflamación subclínica en una población presuntamente sana. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo en una población estudiada en una unidad de cardiología preventiva ambulatoria entre noviembre de 2003 y agosto de 2005. En todos los sujetos se efectuó una evaluación sobre factores de riesgo cardiovascular, medición de IMC, cintura, cadera, perfil de lípidos, glicemia de ayuno, PCRus (desde marzo 2005), presión arterial sistólica y diastólica (PAS-PAD) en 2 días alternos, y test de esfuerzo máximo (frecuencia cardíaca alcanzada > 85 por ciento de la teórica o percepción de esfuerzo en escala de Borg > 17) medido en equivalentes metabólicos (METS). Resultados: Se estudiaron 1587 individuos (1016 hombres) de edad promedio 52 +/- 12 años. La mayoría (67 por ciento) tenía sobrepeso u obesidad, y un 25 por ciento cumplía con los criterios (ATP III) para SMET. Se demostró una correlación significativa entre la actividad física medida en METS con la edad (r= 0.57, p<0.001) y con algunos de los componentes del SMET como glicemia (r= - 0.16, p<0.001); HDL(r= -0.09, p<0.001) y PAS (r= -0.3, p<0.001). En la siguiente tabla se muestra la distribución de componentes del SMET y PCRus según cuartiles de actividad física: Los niveles de PCRus fueron significativamente menores en sujetos con SMET (+) y con mayor capacidad aeróbica versus los con menor...

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is present in 1 out of 4 subjects in Chile. A direct relation between the presence of metabolic syndrome and chronic subclinical inflammation as revealed by ultra sensitive C reactive protein (CRP) has been postulated. Physical activity is associated with an increased insulin sensitivity and a lower incidence of MS and diabetes. There is limited information about the relation between physical activity, the MS and subclinical inflammation in healthy subjects. Aim: To determine the relationship between aerobic capacity measured by treadmill exercise testing, the components of MS and subclinical inflammation in a presumably healthy population. Methods: A prospective study was carried out in a primary prevention cardiac unit between november 2003 and august 2005. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease were evaluated. BMI, waist and hip circumference, fasting glucose, CRP, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured. METS were determined through an exercise test set to achieve 85 percent of maximal heart rate or a level 17 of Borg's perceived effort. Results: 1587 subjects (1016 males) with mean age 52 years (SD 12) were studied. Most were overweight or obese: 25 percent met ATP III criteria for MS. METS were significantly correlated to age (r 0.57, p<0.001), fasting glucose level (r -0.16, p<0.001), HDL (r -0.09, p<0.001) and systolic BP (r -0.3, p<0.001). The distribution of mean values for MS components and CRP according to quartiles of METS is shown below: Conclusion: A strong association between aerobic capacity, MS factors and subclinical inflammation is shown in this study. It is postulated that exercise leading to improvement in aerobic capacity may have a beneficial effect upon chronic inflammation and cardiovascular risk.