Migraciones en países de América Latina: Características de la población pediátrica / Migrations in Latin American countries: Characteristics of the pediatric population Abstract

Introducción: Las migraciones constituyen un fenómeno creciente en América Latina (AL), pero hay poca información sobre la magnitud en población pediátrica y asociación con variables sociodemográficas. Objetivo: Estudiar la asociación de variables sociodemográficas con la tasa de inmigración de población pediátrica en países de AL. Material y métodos: Se buscó información sobre migraciones en países de AL en: Organización Internacional para Migraciones, Organización Panamericana de la Salud y Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. Se efectuaron correlaciones o comparación entre países de variables económicas y demográficas: ingreso nacional bruto per cápita (INB), índice de desarrollo humano (IDH), coeficiente de desigualdad Gini (CG) y tasa de alfabetización (% adultos alfabetizados, TA), con tasa neta de migración por país (TNM) y de niños < 15 años (IN15). Resultados: La TNM fue positiva para Costa Rica, Panamá, Venezuela, Chile y Argentina. No observamos asociación entre TNM con: INB, IDH, CG y TA. Hubo una asociación de IN15 con CG (r = 0,668, p = 0,01), con INB (r = -0,720; p = 0,01), con TA (r = -0,755; p = 0,01) y con IDH (r = -0,799; p = 0,01). La IN15 fue más baja en países de AL con mayor INB vs. aquellos con menor INB (Fisher, p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: Hay una asociación inversa entre INB per cápita, IDH, TA y directa del CG, con la proporción de IN15 de cada país. No observamos una asociación entre TNM con IDH, TA, CG. Debe analizarse el impacto en salud de estas migraciones infantiles.

Introduction: Migration is a growing phenomenon among Latin American countries (LAC) as well as others; however, scarce information is available studying its impact on paediatric groups and its association with socioeconomic variables. Objective: To study the association among socioeconomic variables and the immigration rate of paediatric population in LAC. Material and methods: Official rates of migration of LAC were obtained from: International Organization for Migration, Pan American Health Organization, and United Nations Development Programme. Demographic and socioeconomic information was also obtained for: gross domestic product (GDP), human development index (HDI), Gini coefficient of inequality (GC), alphabetization rate for adults (AA), net migration rate (NMR), and immigration of children < 15 years (IM15). Description, linear correlations and analysis of differences between groups of countries were assessed. Results: The NMR was positive for Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Chile and Argentina. No association among NMR and GDP, HDI, GC, AA was found. A correlation of IM15 was found with: GC (r = 0.668, P = .01), with GDP (r = -0.720; P = .01), AA (r = -0.755; P = .01) and with HDI (r = -0.799; P = .01). Rate of IM15 was lower in LA countries with advanced/medium development (GDP> median) vs those with low development (Fisher, P < .0001). Conclusions: There is a direct inverse association between GDP per capita, HDI, AA and GC and the proportion of each country IN15. We did not observe an association between NMR and HDI, AA, and GC. The health impact of these migrations should be analysed.

Prevalencia del sindrome metabolico en niños y adolescentes chilenos con historia familiar de enfermedades cronicas no transmisibles

La historia familiar (HF) de Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles (ECNT), aumentaría el riesgo de síndrome metabólico (SM). En Chile, el SM afecta al 27% de niños con sobrepeso, y la hiperglicemia de ayuno (HA) es el trastorno menos prevalente (4.0%). El objetivo fue estudiar la prevalencia del SM y de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) en niños con sobrepeso e HF de ECNT analizando su asociación con el número de parientes afectados y con la historia parental (HP). En 183 niños con IMC ≥p85 de 11,8 ± 1,8 años (86 varones) e HF (padres y/o abuelos) de ECNT, se evaluó el z IMC (CDC / NCHS), el perímetro de cintura, la presión arterial, la glicemia, la insulina, los triglicéridos y el colesterol-HDL. El SM y los FRCV fueron diagnosticados por el criterio de Cook y la insulinoresistencia (IR) por el HOMA-IR. Se utilizaron Chi², ANOVA, t Student y Willcoxon. La HF de DM2, hipertensión arterial y dislipidemia fue de 81,4 %, 88,0 % y 71,6 % respectivamente. La prevalencia del SM fue de 46,5%, asociándose a la magnitud del sobrepeso y a la HP de ECNT. La prevalencia de hipertrigliceridemia y de hiperglicemia de ayuno fueron de 54,6% y 31,4% respectivamente. No hubo asociación entre el número de parientes con HF y el perfil cardiovascular y metabólico del niño. Se concluye, que la HF de ECNT, se asocia a una mayor prevalencia del SM, de dislipidemia y de hiperglicemia de ayuno que la observada en población general de niños con sobrepeso.

Metabolic syndrome prevalence in Chilean children and adolescent with family history of chronic noncommunicable diseases. . Family history (FH+) of non transmisible chronic diseases (NTCD) increase MetS risk. In Chile, the MetS affects 27% of overweight children, and fasting hyperglycemia is very low prevalent (4,0%). The objective was to study the prevalence of MetS and the cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in overweight children with a family background of NTCD and analyze its association with the number of relatives witth NTCD and with parental history (PH). In 183 overweight children (BMI ≥p85) mean age 11,8 ± 1,8 (86 males) with a FH+ (parental or grandparental) of NTCD, were assessed the BMI z (CDC / NCHS), waist circumference, blood arterial pressure, fasting Glucose and Insulin (RIA), triglycerides, HDL chol. The MetS and the CVRF were diagnosed using the Cook phenotype and the insulin resistance (IR) through the HOMA-IR. Chi², ANOVA, t Student and Willcoxon test were performed. The frequency of FH+ of DM2, hypertension and dyslipidemia were 81,4 %, 88,0 % and 71,6 % respectively. The MeTS prevalence was 46,5 % associated to overweight magnitude an parental history of NTCD. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was 54,6%, while fasting hyperglycemia affected 31,4% of the sample. There was no association between number of relatives with NTCD and CV risk profile. We conclude that in overweight children with FH+ of NTCD, the prevalence of MetS, dyslipidemia and fasting hyperglycemia are significantly higher, than those observed in the general population of obese children.

Evolución del estado del estado nutricional de escolares chilenos de 6 años (1987- 2003) / Evolution of the nutritional status of six years old Chilean children (1987-2003)

Background: As a consequence of the epidemiological transition in Chile, the nutritional status of the population has changed notoriously. Aim: To study the changes in the nutritional status of six years-old Chilean children from 1987 to 2003. Material and Methods: The computer data base of a government institution in charge of the School Lunch Program (JUNAEB) was used. It contains data on weight, height, sex and date of birth of six years old children, in the years 1987, 1990, 1993, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003. Results: The data of approximately 80,000 children was analyzed. Both weight and height increased over the study years. There was a significant reduction in the number of children with weight deficit but also an increase in the proportion of children with obesity. Stunting was also reduced. The proportion of children with HAZ over 2 SD increased from 0.76 in 1987 to 2.2 percent in 2003. The prevalence of obesity has not increased since the year 2000. Conclusion: The stabilization in the prevalence of obesity is a positive finding, considering its adverse consequences for health.

Años de vida perdidos por muerte prematura (AVPP) en adultos del Gran Santiago: ¿Hemos ganado con equidad? / Potentially productive years of life lost among adults in Metropolitan Santiago: Is there an improvement in equality?

Background: Potentially productive years of life lost (PPYLL) is an impact measure that illustrates the lost that a society suffers as a consequence of deaths of young people or premature deaths. Aim: To study the evolution of PPYLL in adults in the periods 1994-1996 and 1999-2001, according to sex, income quintiles and main diagnostic groups in the communities of Metropolitan Santiago. Material and methods: Ecological study analyzing the population of Metropolitan Santiago, that represents 36% of the national population. A total of 87,969 deaths in people aged 20 to 79 years were analyzed. Results: There is a greater amount of PPYLL among the poorest quintiles and men represent the higher number of PPYLL. In the different analyzed periods, all quintiles experienced a reduction in PPYLL. According to diagnosis, endocrine diseases experienced the greater decrease between periods, followed by respiratory disease. Noteworthy was the increase of PPYLL due to infectious diseases. PPYLL due to digestive diseases was 2.3 higher in the poorest quintile, as compared with the wealthiest quintile (20/20 ratio). The ratio for traumatic disease was 1.8. Conclusions: When comparing both periods, there is a net gain of potentially productive years of life in all income quintiles and in both genders.