Recuperação da freqüência cardíaca após teste de esforço em esteira ergométrica e variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca em 24 horas em indivíduos sadios / Heart rate recovery after treadmill electrocardiographic exercise stress test and 24-hour heart rate variability in healthy individuals

FUNDAMENTO: A recuperação da freqüência cardíaca após o eletrocardiograma de esforço em esteira ergométrica é modulada pelo sistema nervoso autônomo. A análise da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC) pode fornecer informações valiosas sobre o controle do sistema nervoso autônomo sobre o sistema cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a hipótese de associação entre a recuperação da freqüência cardíaca após teste de esforço em esteira ergométrica e a variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Foram estudamos 485 indivíduos sem evidência de cardiopatia com média de idade de 42± 12,1 (faixa etária de 15 a 82) anos, 281 (57.9 por cento) dos quais do sexo feminino, submetidos a um teste de esforço em esteira ergométrica e avaliação da VFC nos domínios do tempo (SDNN, SDANN, SDNNi, rMSSD e pNN50) e da freqüência (LF, HF, VLF e razão LF/HF) durante monitoramento eletrocardiográfico ambulatorial de 24 horas. RESULTADOS: A recuperação da freqüência cardíaca foi de 30 ± 12 batimentos no 1º minuto e 52± 13 batimentos no 2º minuto após o exercício. Os indivíduos mais jovens de recuperaram mais rápido do 2º ao 5º minuto após o exercício (r = 0,19-0,35, P < 0,05). As mulheres se recuperaram mais rápido que os homens (4 ± 1,1 batimentos a menos no 1º minuto, p < 0,001; 5,7 ± 1,2 batimentos a menos no 2º minuto, p < 0,01; e 4,1± 1,1 batimentos a menos no 3º minuto, p < 0.001). Não houve correlação significante entre a recuperação da freqüência cardíaca e a VFC no 1º e 2º minutos após o exercício. Os índices SDNN, SDANN, SDNNi, rMSSD e pNN50 só apresentaram uma correlação significante com a recuperação da freqüência cardíaca no 3º e 4º minutos. CONCLUSÃO: A hipótese de associação entre recuperação da freqüência cardíaca e VFC em 24 horas nos primeiros dois minutos após o exercício não foi comprovada neste estudo. A recuperação da freqüência cardíaca foi associada com idade e sexo.

BACKGROUND: Heart rate recovery after treadmill electrocardiographic exercise stress test is modulated by the autonomic nervous system. Analysis of heart rate variability can provide useful information about autonomic control of the cardiovascular system. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis of association between heart recovery after treadmill electrocardiographic exercise test and heart rate variability. METHODS: We studied 485 healthy individuals aged 42± 12.1 (range 15-82) years, 281(57.9 percent) women, submitted to treadmill electrocardiographic exercise stress tests and heart rate variability evaluations over time (SDNN, SDANN, SDNNi, rMSSD, pNN50) and frequency (LF, HF, VLF, LF/HF ratio) domains in 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. RESULTS: Heart rate recovery was 30± 12 beats in the 1st minute and 52± 13 beats in the 2nd minute after exercise. Younger individuals recovered faster from the 2nd to the 5th minute after exercise (r= 0.19-0.35, P< 0.05). Recovery was faster in women than in men (4± 1.1 beats lower in the 1st minute, p<0.001; 5.7± 1.2 beats lower in the 2nd minute, p<0.01; 4.1± 1.1 beats lower in the 3rd minute, p<0.001). There was no significant correlation between heart rate recovery and heart rate variability in 1st and 2nd minutes after exercise. SDNN, SDANN, SDNNi, rMSSD, and pNN50 indices demonstrated a significant correlation with heart rate recovery only at the 3rd and 4th minutes. CONCLUSION: The hypothesis of association between heart rate recovery and 24-hour heart rate variability in the first two minutes after exercise was not substantiated in this study. Heart rate recovery after exercise was associated with age and gender.

Oxigenioterapia, pressäo positiva contínua em vias aéreas ou ventilaçäo näo invasiva em dois níveis de pressäo no tratamento do edema agudo de pulmäo cardiogênico / Oxygen therapy, continuous positive airway pressure, or noninvasive bilevel positive pressure ventilation in the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of 3 types of noninvasive respiratory support systems in the treatment of acute pulmonary edema: oxygen therapy (O2), continuous positive airway pressure, and bilevel positive pressure ventilation. METHODS: We studied prospectively 26 patients with acute pulmonary edema, who were randomized into 1 of 3 types of respiratory support groups. Age was 69±7 years. Ten patients were treated with oxygen, 9 with continuous positive airway pressure, and 7 with noninvasive bilevel positive pressure ventilation. All patients received medicamentous therapy according to the Advanced Cardiac Life Support protocol. Our primary aim was to assess the need for orotracheal intubation. We also assessed the following: heart and respiration rates, blood pressure, PaO2, PaCO2, and pH at begining, and at 10 and 60 minutes after starting the protocol. RESULTS: At 10 minutes, the patients in the bilevel positive pressure ventilation group had the highest PaO2 and the lowest respiration rates; the patients in the O2 group had the highest PaCO2 and the lowest pH (p<0.05). Four patients in the O2 group, 3 patients in the continuous positive pressure group, and none in the bilevel positive pressure ventilation group were intubated (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Noninvasive bilevel positive pressure ventilation was effective in the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, accelerated the recovery of vital signs and blood gas data, and avoided intubation

Embolia arterial periférica. Relato de casos internados / Peripheral arterial embolism. Report of hospitalized cases

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the frequency of peripheral embolisms, the underlying heart disease,triggering factors, the sites of the emboli, and evolution of the patients. METHODS: We analyzed 29 cases of peripheral arterial embolism out of a total of 20,211 hospitalizations in a cardiology center in the city of São Paulo. The age was 51.89ñ18.66 years, and 15 were males. RESULTS: Embolism in the right lower limb occurred in 18 patients (62.0 percent),in the left lower 11(37.9 percent) and right upper 3 (10.3 percent) limbs, and in the left arm (1). Four patients had embolism in two limbs. The heart disease, mitral valvar heart disease (9 patients - 31.0 percent); infective endocarditis (7-24.1 percent); dilated cardiomyopathy (6 - 20.6 percent); ischemic coronary heart disease (6 patients - 20.6 percent); and one patient with cor pulmonale. Atrial fibrillation was observed in 20 patients (68.9 percent), chronic in 12 patients (41.3 percent ) and acute in 8 (27.5 percent). All patients with mitral valvar heart disease had atrial fibrillation, chronic in 8 patients (88.8percent); patients with cardiomyopathy and coronary heart disease, 4 in each group had atrial fibrillation, acute in 60 percent of the patients.Patients with infective endocarditis, 3 had staphylococcus and 2 Gram-negative bacteria. In the follow-up, 2 patients (6.8percent) required limbs amputation, and 5 (17.2 percent) died due to embolism. CONCLUSION: Most of the time, embolism does not cause permanent complications. Our data highlight the importance of anticoagulation for patients acute atrial fibrillation in myocardial dysfunction and for patients with chronic atrial fibrillation in cases of mitral valvar heart disease to prevent peripheral embolism.

Compliance with pharmacological treatment in outpatients from a Brazilian cardiology referral center

To evaluate the degree of compliance with pharmacological therapy, and to identify predictors of non-compliance in outpatients from a cardiology referral center in São Paulo, Brazil, we studied 485 outpatients 230 (47.4 percent) males and 255 (52.6 percent) females, through an interview guided by a questionnaire during medical consultation. The ages ranged between 17 and 86 (mean 54, standard deviation 15) years. Heart disease and socioeconomic factors (residence, means of transport, educational level and professional status) were studied. In addition, we examined the drugs prescribed including: difficulties in taking them; the source of supply, and the patient's knowledge of the drugs. Assessment of compliance was based on the patients' response. The patients' answers were compared with the prescription and progress notes. Errors were recorded if the patient reported using one or more nonprescribed medicines. Compliance with therapy was recorded if the patient said the prescription was taken correctly without interruption and without error. The variables with significant differences in univariate analysis were further analyzed by multivariate log-linear regression analysis. Noncompliance occurred in 286 (59 percent) of the patients, and was predicted by the reported difficulty in taking medication (P < 0.001), and by the lack of knowledge of medication names (P < 0.001). Thus, noncompliance with medical therapy was common. The main predictors of non-compliance were the reported difficulty in taking medication and inability to identify medicines' names.

Dinâmica da avaliação de pacientes para transplante cardíaco ou cardiomioplastia / Evaluation of Patient Selection for Heart Transplantation or Dynamic Cardiomyoplasty

PURPOSE--To evaluate patient selection for heart transplantation or dynamic cardiomyoplasty. METHODS--We evaluated 380 patients from April 1991 to July 1993. The ages ranged between 16 and 68 (mean 43.5 +/- 11.46) years, 303 (79.7 per cent) were male. The diagnoses were dilated cardiomyopathy in 163 (42.9 per cent), Chagas' cardiomyopathy in 70 (18.4 per cent), ischemic heart disease in 61 (16.1 per cent), hypertensive heart disease in 40 (10.5 per cent), valvular heart disease in 23 (6.1 per cent), alcoholic cardiomyopathy in 12(3.2 per cent), peripartum cardiomyopathy in 5 (1.3 per cent) and myocarditis of unknown etiology in 5 (1.3 per cent). RESULTS--The indication of heart transplantation was eventually done in 55 (14.4 per cent), and 19 (5 per cent) were submitted to transplantation. Dynamic cardiomyoplasty was indicated in 9 (2.3 per cent) patients and was performed in 8 (2.1 per cent). In 30 (7.8 per cent) patients there were clinical contraindications for transplantation. Conventional surgical treatment was indicated for 12 (3.1 per cent) patients: myocardial revascularization and/or ventricular aneurismectomy in 5, surgical treatment of valvular heart disease in 6 and of atrial fibrillation in 1. Socioeconomic limitations precluded transplantation in 43 (11.3 per cent) and psychic limitations hindered transplantation in 23 (6.0 per cent) patients. Refusal of procedure by the patient occurred in 10 (2.6 per cent) cases. Improvement of the symptoms occurred in 69 (18.1 per cent) patients. CONCLUSION--A small percentage of patients are eligible and are eventually submitted to heart transplantation or dynamic cardiomyoplasty. New strategies may be delineated during follow up, as deferring transplantation or conventional surgical treatment of ischemic or valvular heart disease. Sociopsychic evaluation is an important step in the care of the patients

Avaliação cardiológica pré-operatória: estudo de 255 casos / Preoperative cardiological consultation. A study of 255 patients

Objetivo - Estudo dos pedidos de avaliaçäo cardiológica pré-operatória em hospital de referência em cardiologia no contexto de hospital geral. Métodos - Foram estudados 255 pacientes no período de junho a dezembro de 1989, de idades entre 16 e 82 (média de 55) anos, 120 (47//) do sexo masculino e 135 (53//) do feminino, mediante questionário aplicado por ocasiäo da consulta médica. Resultados - As queixas principais foram a dor toráxica em 30 casos (11,8//), a dispnéia em 57 (22,4//), palpitaçöes em 13 (5,1//); 141 (55,3//) pacientes eram assintomáticos do ponto de vista cardiológicos. A hipertensäo arterial foi detectada no exame físico em 75 (29,4//) casos e o sopro cardíaco em 21(8,2//). Os diagnósticos mais freqüentes foram a hipertensäo arterial em 63(24,7//) casos, a insuficiência coronariana em 30 (11,8//), dos quais 13(5,1//) informavam ter sofrido infarto do miocárdio pregresso, a estenose aórtica em 5 (1,9//), outras valvopatias em 14(5,5//), disritimias cardíacas em 11(4,3//). Em 90 (35,4//) pacientes näo havia evidência de cardiopatia. Sessenta e cinco (25,5//) pacientes faziam uso de medicaçäo cardiológica e 171 (67//) doentes já se encontravam hospitalizados com vistas à operaçäo. O acompanhamento cardiológico posterior foi recomendado a 150 (58,8//) pacientes. Sete doentes faleceram por causas atribuídas a doença de base dos pacientes. Em nenhum caso a intervençäo cirúrgica foi contra-indicada em razäo da cardiopatia. Conclusäo - Na populaçäo estudada näo se pôde detectar efeito adverso das cardiopatias diagnosticadas na evoluçäo dos pacientes operados. A avaliaçäo cardiológica pré-opertória contribui näo só para os cuidados transoperatório e pós-operatório imediato, mas também permitiu orientar conveniência de seguimento médico a longo prazo

Purpose - To study preoperative cardiological consultations in a cardiology referral center in a general hospital Methods - Two hundred and fifty five patients were studied between June and December 1989; the ages ranged between 16 and 82 (mean 55) years, 120 (47%) wore male and 135 (53%) femule. A questionary was applied by the physicians during consultation. Results - Main symptoms were thoracic pain in 30 (11,8%) cases, dyspnea in 57 (22,4%), palpitations in 13 (5,1%). Symptoms of cardiac disease were absent in 141 (55,3%) patients. On physical examination arterial hypertension was detected in 75 (29,4%) cases and a cardiac murmur in 21 (8,2%). Diagnosis of coronary artery disease was made in 30 (11,8%) cases -13 (5,1%) with history of previous myocardial infarction, aortic valve stenosis in 5 (1,9%), other valvular heart diseases in 14 (5,5%), cardiac arrhythmias in 11 (4,3%). Heart disease was absent in 90 (35,4%) patients. Sixty-five (25,5%) patients were on drug therapy for heart diseases. Consultations were obtained for patients that had been already admitted to the hospital in 171 (67%) cases. Cardiological follow up was recommended to 150 (58,8%) patients. Seven patients died; the cause of the death was related to the primary disease. Contraindication for surgery imposed by cardiological evaluation did not occur. Conclusion - In this study, patients with heart disease tolerated the surgical procedures. Preoperative cardialogical evaluation added useful data for postoperative care and also for long term follow-up of the patients