Temporal distribution of tuberculosis in the State of Amazonas, Brazil

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the infectious diseases that contributes most to the morbidity and mortality of millions of people worldwide. Brazil is one of 22 countries that accounts for 80% of the tuberculosis global burden. The highest incidence rates in Brazil occur in the States of Amazonas and Rio de Janeiro. The aim of this study was to describe the temporal distribution of TB in the State of Amazonas. Between 2001 and 2011, 28,198 cases of tuberculosis were reported in Amazonas, distributed among 62 municipalities, with the capital Manaus reporting the highest (68.7%) concentration of cases. Tuberculosis was more prevalent among males (59.3%) aged 15 to 34 years old (45.5%), whose race/color was predominantly pardo (64.7%) and who had pulmonary TB (84.3%). During this period, 81 cases of multidrug-resistant TB were registered, of which the highest concentration was reported from 2008 onward (p = 0.002). The municipalities with the largest numbers of indigenous individuals affected were São Gabriel da Cachoeira (93%), Itamarati (78.1%), and Santa Isabel do Rio Negro (70.1%). The future outlook for this region includes strengthening the TB control at the primary care level, by expanding diagnostic capabilities, access to treatment, research projects developed in collaboration with the Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation .;Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD).; and financing institutions, such as the project for the expansion of the Clinical Research Center and the creation of a hospital ward for individuals with transmissible respiratory diseases, including TB.

Expansão urbana e distribuição espacial da malária no município de Manaus, Estado do Amazonas / Urban expansion and spatial distribution of malaria in the municipality of Manaus, State of Amazonas

No município de Manaus, a intensificação do processo migratório, aliada a precária vigilância epidemiológica e entomológica, resultou na reintrodução da transmissão de malária no perímetro urbano, zona Leste, em julho de 1988, após 13 anos sem registro de autoctonia. Este estudo descreve sobre a situação epidemiológica da malária e áreas que sofreram ações antrópicas (desmatamento, assentamentos humanos, atividades de piscicultura, etc.) em Manaus, no período entre 1986 e 2005. Nesse Município, o incremento populacional em 2005 atingiu 105,2 por cento, em relação a 1986, resultado de ocupação dos espaços (invasões e conjuntos habitacionais). A partir de 2003, a doença teve incremento acima 2.000 por cento em relação a 1986. Nessas áreas ocorreu aumento da incidência da doença. O índice parasitário anual no Município oscilou de baixo a médio risco, e entre as zonas urbanas, variou de sem risco a alto risco. As zonas Leste, Oeste e Norte onde ainda existem áreas com características rurais apresentaram maior receptividade e vulnerabilidade de transmissão.

In the municipality of Manaus, intensification of the migratory process, along with precarious epidemiological and entomological surveillance, resulted in reintroduction of malaria transmission on the urban perimeter (in the eastern zone), in July 1988, after 13 years without any records of autochthonous disease. This study reports on the epidemiological situation relating to malaria and to the areas that were subjected to human actions (deforestation, human settlement, fish-rearing activity, etc) in Manaus, between 1986 and 2005. In this municipality, the population increase from 1986 to 2005 was 105.2 percent. This resulted from occupation of space, in the form of invasions and housing projects. From 2003, the increase in relation to 1986 was more than 2,000 percent. In these areas, there were increases in disease incidence. The annual parasitic index in the municipality ranged from low to medium risk and, between urban zones, it ranged from no risk to high risk. In the eastern, western and northern zones, which still contain areas with agricultural characteristics, there was greater receptivity and vulnerability to transmission.