Incidence of active mycobacterial infections in Brazilian patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis and negative evaluation for latent tuberculosis infection at baseline - A longitudinal analysis after using TNFa blockers

Several studies point to the increased risk of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis (CIAs) after using tumour necrosis factor (TNF)a blockers. To study the incidence of active mycobacterial infections (aMI) in patients starting TNFa blockers, 262 patients were included in this study: 109 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 93 with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 44 with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and 16 with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). All patients had indication for anti-TNFatherapy. Epidemiologic and clinical data were evaluated and a simple X-ray and tuberculin skin test (TST) were performed. The control group included 215 healthy individuals. The follow-up was 48 months to identify cases of aMI. TST positivity was higher in patients with AS (37.6%) than in RA (12.8%), PsA (18.8%) and JIA (6.8%) (p < 0.001). In the control group, TST positivity was 32.7%. Nine (3.43%) patients were diagnosed with aMI. The overall incidence rate of aMI was 86.93/100,000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 23.6-217.9] for patients and 35.79/100,000 person-years (95% CI 12.4-69.6) for control group (p < 0.001). All patients who developed aMI had no evidence of LTBI at the baseline evaluation. Patients with CIA starting TNFa blockers and no evidence of LTBI at baseline, particularly with nonreactive TST, may have higher risk of aMI.

Pediatric hospital admissions from influenza A (H1N1) in Brazil: effects of the 2010 vaccination campaign

lIn 2009, the influenza A (H1N1) virus spread rapidly around the world, causing the first pandemic of the 21st Century. In 2010, there was a vaccination campaign against this new virus subtype to reduce the morbidity and mortality of the disease in some countries, including Brazil. Herein, we describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients under 19 years of age who were hospitalized with confirmed influenza A (H1N1) infection in 2009 and 2010. We retrospectively reviewed files from the pediatric patients who were admitted to a university hospital with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed influenza A (H1N1) infection in 2009 and 2010. There were 37 hospitalized patients with influenza A (H1N1) in 2009 and 2 in 2010. In 2009, many of the hospitalized children had an underlying chronic disease and a lower median age than those not hospitalized. Of the hospitalized patients, 78% had a chronic disease, primarily pneumopathy (48%). The main signs and symptoms of influenza were fever (97%), cough (76%), and dyspnea (59%). Complications occurred in 81% of the patients. The median length of hospitalization was five days; 27% of the patients required intensive care, and two died. In 2010, two patients were hospitalized with influenza A (H1N1): one infant with adenovirus co-infection who had received one previous H1N1 vaccine dose and presented with respiratory sequelae and a 2-month-old infant who had a hospital-acquired infection. An impressive reduction in hospital admissions was observed in 2010 when the vaccination campaign took place in Brazil.

Immunization status of residents in pediatrics at the Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil / Imunização de residentes em Pediatria da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil

Vaccination of health care workers is an efficient way to reduce the risk of occupational infection and to prevent nosocomial transmission to vulnerable patients. Despite this, achieving high immunization rates among those professionals is a challenge. We assessed the immunization status of Residents in Pediatrics at the Federal University of São Paulo from June to December 2008. Their immunization records were checked and evaluated according to the Brazilian Immunization Schedule for health care workers. Considering all required vaccines, only 3.1 percent of the 64 Residents were up-to-date with their immunizations. Influenza was the vaccine with the lowest uptake (3.1 percent) and measles and rubella were diseases with the highest evidence of immunity (62.5 percent each). Only 37.5 percent of Residents had received three hepatitis B vaccine doses with a subsequent serology confirming seroconversion. Moreover, the vast majority of Residents in Pediatrics who were not up-to-date were unaware of the fact. Both medical schools and Pediatric Residence programs should not only offer information but also check vaccination records in an effort to keep their healthcare workers´ vaccinations up-to-date.

A vacinação de profissionais da saúde representa maneira eficiente de reduzir o risco ocupacional a infecções e de prevenir a transmissão nosocomial de doenças a pacientes vulneráveis. Apesar disso, atingir altas taxas de cobertura vacinal entre estes profissionais continua sendo um desafio. Avaliamos a situação vacinal dos residentes de Pediatria da Universidade Federal de São Paulo entre junho e dezembro de 2008. Suas carteiras de vacinação foram checadas e avaliadas de acordo com a orientação do calendário nacional para profissionais da saúde. Considerando as vacinas propostas, apenas 3,1 por cento dos 64 residentes estavam em dia com sua imunização. A vacina para Influenza foi a mais negligenciada (3,1 por cento) e sarampo e rubéola, as doenças com maior evidência de imunidade (62,5 por cento). Apenas 37,5 por cento dos residentes haviam recebido três doses da vacina para hepatite B e possuíam sorologia confirmando soroconversão. Além disso, a grande maioria dos residentes que estavam com atraso vacinal desconhecia este fato. Tanto as escolas médicas quanto os programas de residência em Pediatria deveriam não apenas orientar, como também checar os registros de vacinação num esforço para manter em dia a imunização dos profissionais de saúde.