The clinical importance of air plethysmography in the assessment of chronic venous disease / Importância clínica da pletismografia a ar na avaliação da doença venosa crônica

Abstract Air plethysmography is a non-invasive test that can quantify venous reflux and obstruction by measuring volume changes in the leg. Its findings correlate with clinical and hemodynamic measures. It can quantitatively assess several components of venous hemodynamics: valvular reflux, calf muscle pump function, and venous obstruction. Although clinical uses of air plethysmography have been validated, it is used almost exclusively for medical research. Air plethysmography can be used to assess chronic venous disease, to evaluate improvement after venous surgery, to diagnose acute and past episodes of deep venous thrombosis, to evaluate compression stocking therapy, to study the physiological implications of high-heeled shoes in healthy women, and even to evaluate the probability of ulcer healing.

Resumo A pletismografia a ar é um método não invasivo que pode quantificar refluxo e obstrução venosa medindo alterações no volume das pernas. Seus achados se correlacionam com parâmetros clínicos e hemodinâmicos. Ela pode fornecer informações quantitativas dos diferentes componentes da hemodinâmica venosa: refluxo valvular, função de bomba muscular da panturrilha e obstrução venosa. Apesar de ter seu uso clínico validado, a pletismografia a ar é usada quase que exclusivamente para pesquisa. Ela pode ser usada para avaliar a doença venosa crônica, mensurar o ganho hemodinâmico após cirurgia venosa, diagnosticar trombose venosa profunda atual ou prévia, avaliar os efeitos da elastocompressão, estudar as implicações fisiológicas do uso de salto alto em mulheres e também avaliar a probabilidade de cura de uma úlcera venosa.

Cirurgia aberta e endovascular no tratamento de aneurisma de artéria poplítea: experiência de cinco anos do HCRP-FMRP-USP / Open versus endovascular surgery for treatment of popliteal artery aneurysms: 5 years' experience at the HCRP-FMRP-USP

Aneurismas de artéria poplítea (AAPs) correspondem a 70,00% dos aneurismas periféricos. A indicação cirúrgica é para aneurismas com diâmetros maiores que 2,0 cm ou sintomáticos. O tratamento é feito por técnicas cirúrgicas convencionais ou endovasculares. Esta última tem ganho muitos adeptos, mas ainda não há consenso estabelecido sobre sua indicação. Objetivo Apresentar a experiência da Divisão de Cirurgia Vascular e Endovascular do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo no tratamento dos AAPs. Método Foram revisados casos de reparo convencional e endovascular de AAPs tratados nos últimos cinco anos, avaliando dados demográficos, comorbidades, indicação cirúrgica, complicações pré e pós-operatórias precoces e tardias, tempo de internação e de perviedade em até um ano. Resultados Foram realizadas no período dez cirurgias endovasculares (CE) e 21 cirurgias abertas (CA). O grupo CE teve maior frequência de comorbidades. Houve maior frequência de pacientes sintomáticos no grupo CA (85,00%) do que no grupo CE (40,00%). O Grupo CE apresentou menor número de complicações clínicas e cirúrgicas. A idade entre os grupos e o tempo de internação de cada grupo não apresentaram diferença estatística. A perviedade primária em um ano no Grupo CE foi de 80,00%, enquanto no Grupo CA foi de 75,00%. Conclusão O tratamento endovascular para AAPs apresenta bons resultados, em termos de perviedade com taxas de complicações aceitáveis, em pacientes com risco cirúrgico elevado e anatomia favorável, justificando, assim, a necessidade de mais estudos controlados para modificar a posição da técnica endovascular como uma terapia alternativa para casos selecionados.

Popliteal artery aneurysms (PAAs) account for 70% of peripheral aneurysms. Surgery is indicated for aneurysms that have diameters greater than 2.0 cm or are symptomatic. Repair can be achieved by conventional surgical techniques or using endovascular methods, which are becoming increasingly popular, but for which there is not yet a consensus on indications. Objective To describe the experience of treating PAAs at the vascular and endovascular surgery department of the Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, affiliated to the Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil). Method A review was conducted of cases of conventional and endovascular repair of PAAs over the last 5 years, analyzing demographic data, comorbidities, surgical indications, preoperative and early and late postoperative complications, length of hospital stay and patency, during follow-up of up to 1 year. Results During the period analyzed, ten endovascular surgeries (ES) and 21 open surgeries (OS) were performed. The ES group exhibited a higher frequency of comorbidities. There was a higher frequency of symptomatic patients in the OS group (85%) than in the ES group (40%). The ES group exhibited a lower number of clinical and surgical complications. There were no statistical differences between the groups in terms of age or length of hospital stay. Primary patency at 1 year was 80% in the ES group and 75% in the OS group. Conclusions Endovascular treatment for PAAs offers good results in terms of patency, with acceptable complication rates, in patients with high surgical risk and favorable anatomy. Controlled studies are therefore warranted to validate the endovascular technique and afford it the status of an alternative procedure for use in selected cases.

A prospective study of venous hemodynamics and quality of live at least five years after varicose vein stripping

PURPOSE: To assess venous hemodynamics and quality of life at lest five years after varicose vein stripping. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study with 39 patients (63 limbs) with primary lower limbs varicose veins. Preoperatively, all patients were subjected to clinical evaluation, duplex ultrassound, air plethysmography (APG), and CIVIQ questionnaire of quality of life. By APG, venous filling index (VFI), ejection fraction (EF), and residual volume fraction (RVF) were determined. CIVIQ addresses four domains in course of 20 questions, including states of physical, social, and psychological well-being, and pain level. Varicose veins were treated by standard venous stripping. At least five years after surgery (77.9 ± 10.9 months), patients were reassessed and had clinical examination, duplex ultrasound, APG, and CIVIQ repeated. No late follow-up data was available for 24 patients. RESULTS: Preoperative and late postoperative VFI levels were similar, whereas EF (P=0.05) and RVF (P=0.01), as hemodynamic variables, significantly improved following surgery. In the late postoperative period, overall CIVIQ scores were significantly lower (P=0.005), as were scores in all four domains: pain (P=0.001), physical (P=0.007), social (P=0.008), and psychological (P= 0.05). CONCLUSION: In a small prospective cohort, improvements in venous hemodynamics and in quality of life of patients submitted to standard varicose veins stripping were maintained five years after the procedure.

Latero-lateral femoro-femoral arteriovenous fistula: a new surgical approach for hemodialysis patients with no vascular access / Fístula artériovenosa fêmoro-femoral látero-lateral: uma nova abordagem para hemodiálise de pacientes sem opção de acesso vascular

Purpose: A new surgical approach for vascular access for hemodialysis using a latero-lateral arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in the thigh between the femoral artery (FA) and superficial femoral vein (SFV) transposed to the subcutaneous layer in patients with no other access options is described. Methods: Ten patients (mean age: 37,9 years) for whom all possible sites for execution of any other procedure had been exhausted, underwent latero-lateral AVF close to the adductor channel between the FA and the SFV. The FSV was released and sectioned 2 cm from its confluence with the deep femoral vein and transposed in the subcutaneous tissue with extensions using saphenous vein or prosthetic material (PTFE) when needed. Follow -up included patency, flow evaluation and complications. Results: Postoperative follow-up ranged from 3 to 96 months, with a mean of 38 months. The AVFs presented a flow of more than 350 ml/min and the AVFs remained patent for a mean period of 38 months. There were three failures of the procedures at 3, 5 and 7 months during postoperative follow-up due to graft infection and thrombosis (a case), anaphylactic shock and thrombosis (a case) and calf pain during dialysis (a case). Two patients developed slight inferior limb edema. Conclusion: The new surgical approach for access for hemodialysis represents a feasible procedure, with acceptable patency rates in exceptional cases where no other access option is available.

Objetivo: Nova abordagem para acesso vascular para hemodiálise usando fistula artério-venosa (FAV) látero-lateral na coxa entre a artéria femoral (AF) e a veia femoral superficial (VFS) transposta no subcutâneo em pacientes sem opção de acesso. Métodos: Dez pacientes (idade média 37,9 anos), cuja possibilidade de acesso havia sido exaurido, foram submetidos a FAV látero-lateral na coxa entre a AF e a VFS.Esta veia foi liberada e seccionada 2 cm de sua confluência com a veia femoral profunda e transposta no plano superficial com extensão usando a veia safena ou material protético (PTFE) quando necessário.O seguimento incluíu a perviedade , fluxo e complicações. Resultados: O seguimento pós-operatório foi de 3 a 96 meses (média 38). A FAV apresentou fluxo mínimo de 350 ml/min e permaneceu pérvia no período médio de 38 meses. Houve 3 falências aos 3, 5, e 7 meses pós-operatórios por infecção de prótese e trombose da FAV (um caso), choque anafilático e trombose (um caso) e dor na panturrilha na hemodiálise (um caso). Dois pacientes desenvolveram discreto edema de membro inferior. Conclusão: A nova abordagem para acesso vascular para hemodiálise representa um procedimento factível, com aceitável perviedade em casos excepcionais onde nenhum outro acesso é disponível.

Correlation between the hemodynamic gain obtained after operation of primary varicose veins and chronic venous disease classification / Correlação entre o ganho hemodinâmico obtido após a operação de varizes dos membros inferiores e a classificação da doença venosa crônica

CONTEXT: Previous studies have demonstrated improvement of venous hemodynamics after surgical treatment of primary varicose veins of the lower extremities using air plethysmography (APG). PURPOSE: To correlate the venous hemodynamics obtained by APG with the CEAP classification after surgical treatment of primary varicose veins. METHODS: We studied 63 limbs of 39 patients (35 women and 4 men) aged on average 46.3 years, operated upon at the University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, during the period from January 2001 to December 2004. The 63 limbs were divided into the three following groups according to CEAP classification: group C2 + C3 (38 limbs), group C4 (15 limbs) and group C5 + C6 (10 limbs). The patients were evaluated clinically before and 30 to 40 days after surgery by preoperative duplex ultrasonography and pre- and postoperative APG. RESULTS: There was an apparent hemodynamic improvement after surgical treatment of the varicose veins in the two groups of lower severity, but the improvement was significant in the most severe group based on venous filling index. CONCLUSION : Surgical treatment was beneficial for all three groups, but the greatest hemodynamic gain was observed in the group of highest clinical severity (group C5 + C6).

CONTEXTO: Estudos prévios tem demonstrado a melhora da hemodinâmica venosa após o tratamento cirúrgico das varizes primárias dos membros inferiores utilizando a pletismografia a ar (PGA). OBJETIVO: Correlacionar a hemodinâmica venosa obtida pela PGA com a classificação CEAP após tratamento cirúrgico das varizes primárias dos membros inferiores. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 63 membros inferiores em 39 pacientes (35 mulheres e 4 homens), com idade média igual a 46,3 anos, operados no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2004. Os 63 membros inferiores foram subdivididos em três grupos de acordo com a classificação CEAP, adotando-se o critério lesão de pele como referência, sendo: grupo C2 + C3 (38 membros) grupo C4 (15 membros) e grupo C5 + C6 (10 membros). Os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente pré e pós-operatório (30 a 40 dias após), mapeamento dúplex pré-operatório e PGA pré e pós-operatória. RESULTADOS: Houve aparente melhora hemodinâmica após tratamento cirúrgico de varizes nos dois grupos de menor gravidade, mas foi significativa no de maior gravidade com base no índice de enchimento venoso. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento cirúrgico beneficiou os três grupos, mas o maior ganho hemodinâmico foi observado no grupo de gravidade clínica maior (grupo C5 + C6).

Endovascular repair of an aorto-iliac aneurysm succeeded by kidney transplantation / Tratamento endovascular de aneurisma aorto-ilíaco sucedido por transplante renal

We present the case of aorto-iliac aneurysm in a patient with chronic renal failure requiring dialysis who were treated with an endovascular stent graft and, later on, submitted to kidney transplantation. A 53-year-old male with renal failure requiring dialysis presented with an asymptomatic abdominal aorto-iliac aneurysm measuring 5.0cm of diameter. He was treated with endovascular repair technique, being used an endoprosthesis Excluder®. After four months, he was successfully submitted to kidney transplantation (dead donor), with anastomosis of the graft renal artery in the external iliac artery distal to the endoprosthesis. The magnetic resonance imaging, carried out 30 days after the procedure, showed a good positioning of the endoprosthesis and adequate perfusion of the renal graft. In the follow-up, the patient presented improvement of nitrogenous waste, good positioning of the endoprosthesis without migration or endoleak. The endovascular repair of aorto-iliac aneurysm in a patient with end-stage renal failure under hemodialysis treatment showed to be feasible, safe and efficient, as it did not prevent the success of the posterior kidney transplantation.

Apresentamos o caso de aneurisma aortoilíaco em um paciente com insuficiência renal crônica dialítica tratado com uma endoprótese vascular, sendo, após, submetido a transplante renal. Um homem de 53 anos com insuficiência renal dialítica apresentava um aneurisma abdominal aortoilíaco assintomático com 5,0cm de diâmetro. Foi tratado com técnica endovascular com uma endoprótese Excluderâ. Após quatro meses, foi submetido a transplante renal (doador cadáver) com sucesso, com anastomose da artéria renal do enxerto na artéria ilíaca externa distal à endoprótese. A ressonância magnética 30 dias após o procedimento mostrou a endoprótese bem posicionada e o enxerto renal bem perfundido. No seguimento, o paciente evoluiu com melhora das escórias nitrogenadas, bom posicionamento da endoprótese, sem migração ou endoleak. O reparo endovascular do aneurisma aortoilíaco em paciente com insuficiência renal terminal em hemodiálise mostrou-se exequível, seguro e eficaz, e não comprometeu o sucesso do transplante renal posterior.

Morphological and hemodynamic patterns of carotid stenosis treated by endarterectomy with patch closure versus stenting: a duplex ultrasound study

OBJECTIVES: A duplex ultrasound study was performed to investigate morphological and hemodynamic patterns of carotid stenoses treated by endarterectomy with patch closure versus stenting. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Twenty-nine carotid stenoses were treated with stenting and 65 with patch closure. Duplex ultrasound parameters (luminal diameter, mm; peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity, cm/s) were measured 24 hours after the procedures and also at 12 months post-procedure. Residual stenoses (immediately postprocedure) and restenoses (within 12 months of procedure) were defined as narrowings of >50 percent on duplex ultrasound examination. RESULTS: In stented patients, the luminal diameter of the proximal internal carotid artery increased in the interval between the 24-hour and 12-month post-procedure studies, while in the patch closure patients, the diameter decreased. Carotid hemodynamics normalized immediately after both patching and stenting and remained relatively stable thereafter up to 12 months. No statistically elevated flow velocities (in the absence of residual stenosis or restenosis) were observed in the patched or stented carotid arteries. No significant differences in residual stenosis rates were observed between the stenting group (3 cases, 10.34 percent) and the patch closure group (1 case, 1.53 percent, P = 0.08). At 12 months, 2 stenting patients (6.88 percent) and 2 patch closure patients (3.07 percent) had $50 percent restenosis (P = 0.58). One case of late stroke due to restenosis was observed in the stenting group; the patient died 12 months postoperatively, before receiving new intervention. CONCLUSION: Measurements over time in luminal diameter signalized differences in arterial remodeling mechanisms between patched and stented carotids. Both stenting and patch closure were associated with carotid patency and flow restoration. This study does not support a general approach to new velocity criteria indiscriminately applied to stented or patched carotids.

Estudo da hemodinâmica venosa por meio da pletismografia a ar no pré e pós-operatório de varizes dos membros inferiores / Venous hemodynamic study by air plethysmography in the pre- and postoperative period of lower limb varicose veins

Contexto: O tratamento cirúrgico das varizes primárias dos membros inferiores deve proporcionar alívio da estase venosa, a fim de evitar a evolução da doença venosa para estágios de maior gravidade clínica. Objetivo: Estudar as alterações da hemodinâmica venosa em pacientes portadores de varizes primárias dos membros inferiores no pré e pós-operatório, utilizando a pletismografia a ar. Método: Foram estudados 63 membros inferiores em 39 pacientes (35 mulheres e quatro homens), com média de idade igual a 46,3 anos, operados no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, no período de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2004. Os membros inferiores foram classificados de acordo com a classificação CEAP, em critério clínico = C2 a C6 (C2 = 6, C3 = 32, C4 = 15, C5 = 7 e C6 = 3), critério etiológico = Ep, critério anatômico = As e critério fisiopatológico = Pr. Os pacientes foram avaliados por exame clínico pré e pós-operatório, mapeamento dúplex pré-operatório e pletismografia a ar pré e pós-operatória. Resultados: Houve melhora da hemodinâmica venosa no pós-operatório, demonstrada pela diminuição do índice de enchimento venoso e da fração de volume residual e aumento da fração de ejeção nos membros inferiores submetidos à operação de varizes. Conclusão: A operação venosa superficial aliviou a estase venosa e proporcionou adequado tratamento, com o objetivo de interromper a evolução fisiopatológica da doença venosa crônica, em qualquer nível de gravidade clínica.

Background: Surgical treatment of primary varicose veins of the lower limbs might contribute to venous stasis relief by preventing evolution of the venous disease to worse severity stages. Objective: To study venous hemodynamic changes in patients with primary varicose veins of the lower limbs during the pre- and postoperative period using air plethysmography. Method: Sixty-three lower limbs of 39 patients (35 females and four males, mean age of 46.3 years) were evaluated. They were all operated at Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, between January 2001 and December 2004. Lower limbs were classified according to the CEAP classification: clinical criteria = C2 to C6 (C2 = 6, C3 = 32, C4 = 15, C5 = 7 and C6 = 3), etiologic criteria = Ep, anatomic criteria = As, and pathophysiological criteria = Pr. The patients were submitted to pre- and postoperative clinical examination, preoperative duplex scan and pre- and postoperative air plethysmography. Results: Improvement in venous hemodynamics was observed after surgery, confirmed by reduction in the venous filling index and residual volume fraction and increase in the ejection fraction in the lower limbs submitted to varicose vein surgery. Conclusion: Superficial varicose vein stripping contributed to venous stasis relief and provided appropriate treatment, preventing pathophysiological evolution of chronic venous disease independently of clinical severity.