Bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis: prevalence, associated factors, and performance of diagnostic tests

Introduction: Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal trichomoniasis are frequent causes of health care demand. Objective: To estimate the prevalence, identify associated factors, and investigate the performance of diagnostic tests for bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis. Methods: Cross-sectional study with participants over 18 years old. All of them were submitted to an interview and gynecological examination with evaluation of vaginal secretion, pH verification, collection of material for Pap smear, wet mount test, Whiff test, bacterioscopy, and polymerase chain reaction for trichomoniasis detection. Logistic regression analysis was applied to identify associated factors with bacterial vaginosis. Diagnostic performance for bacterial vaginosis was evaluated following Amsel criteria, the Ison and Hay score, and the Pap smear, considering the Nugent score as the gold standard. As for trichomoniasis, diagnostic performance was evaluated through the Pap smear and the wet mount test, using the polymerase chain reaction as the gold standard. Results: The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was 33.7%, and for trichomoniasis, 0.5%. The complaint of abnormal vaginal secretion was associated with the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (odds ratio 2.2). The diagnostic accuracy by Amsel criteria, the Ison and Hay score, and the Pap smear was 35.6, 97.0, and 84.2%, respectively. The sensitivity for trichomoniasis through wet mount test was 0.0%, and through the Pap smear, 100%. Conclusion: The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was high, and trichomoniasis was low. The only associated factor with bacterial vaginosis was the report of abnormal vaginal secretion. The methods with the most accurate diagnostic performance for bacterial vaginosis were the Ison and Hay score and the Pap smear and, for trichomoniasis, the Pap smear

Aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos associados ao câncer de pênis / Clinico-epidemiological aspects associated with penile cancer

O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica foi descrever a epidemiologia, o comportamento biológico dos tumores e os fatores de risco para o câncer de pênis, como a infecção pelo HPV. A fimose e os processos de irritação crônica relacionados à má higiene estão comumente associados com esse tumor, enquanto a circuncisão neonatal protege contra a aparição da doença. Existe forte evidência da associação dos HPV 16 e 18 com o carcinoma peniano em mais de 50 por cento dos casos. Pacientes com lesões penianas suspeitas devem se submeter ao exame físico, geralmente sendo este suficiente para determinar o diagnóstico e o estadiamento, assim como auxiliar na escolha terapêutica.

The general objective of this article is to review the current literature regarding the epidemiology, biological behavior and risk factors for penile cancer development, such as HPV infection. Phimosis and chronic irritation related to poor hygiene are commonly associated with penile cancer, whereas neonatal circumcision reduces the relative risk for the disease. There is strong evidence that HPV types 16 and 18 are associated with penile carcinoma in as many as 50 percent of cases. Patients with penile lesions should undergo physical examination, which is often sufficient to diagnose and to define tumor stagging, as well as contributes to decision-making regarding therapeutical approaches and case management.

Monitoramento de doença residual mínima em leucemia mielóide crônica por PCR em tempo real: [revisão] / Monitoring minimal residual disease in chronic myeloid leukemia by real time PCR: [review]

O monitoramento de doença residual mínima (DRM) em leucemia mielóide crônica é extremamente importante, pois possibilita o diagnóstico precoce de eventuais recidivas da doença. Este estudo visa apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a aplicação e a avaliação da eficácia do método de PCR em tempo real no monitoramento da doença residual mínima em pacientes com leucemia mielóide crônica. O método fornece informações a respeito do número e cinética das células tumorais residuais, sendo atualmente o padrão ouro para seu monitoramento. O uso de transcrição reversa associada à PCR em tempo real tornou a quantificação de mRNA mais simples e precisa. A metodologia mais utilizada é a TaqMan, que emprega a atividade exonucleásica 5'-3' da Taq DNA Polimerase. O monitoramento da DRM é feito após transplante de medula óssea ou após terapias baseadas em drogas, como o interferon-a e o mesilato de imatinibe. Entretanto, os estudos sobre o assunto apresentam os dados de maneiras conflitantes, dificultando a interpretação e comparação dos resultados. A determinação e uniformização dos cut-offs em diversas condições se fazem necessárias a fim de que a metodologia de PCR em tempo real seja aplicada na clínica.

Monitoring minimal residual disease (MRD) in chronic myeloid leukemia is a very important issue, because it makes early diagnosis of relapse of the disease possible. The objective of this study is to present a review on the use and evaluation of real time PCR in monitoring minimal residual disease in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. The method provides information on the number and kinetics of tumour residual cells which currently it is the gold standard for monitoring MRD. The use of reverse transcription associated to real time PCR has made the quantification of mRNA easier and more accurate. TaqMan methodology, that exploits the 5'-3' exonuclesase activity of Taq DNA Polymerase, is the most common method used for this purpose. Monitoring MRD is required after stem cell transplantation and after drug-based therapies including Interferon-a and Imatinib Mesylate. So far, the studies published on this issue present differing and conflicting data, making the interpretation and comparison of the results very difficult. In order to use real time PCR to monitor MRD in chronic myeloid leukemia patients it is necessary to determine and to standardize cut-off points for results obtained under different conditions. This procedure will certainly be helpful for better clinical decision making.