Prevalencia y perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en bacterias aisladas de úlceras crónicas infectadas en adultos / Prevalence and susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from infected chronic wounds in adult patients

Resumen Introducción: Las úlceras crónicas son un problema de salud pública, agravándose por infecciones bacterianas causadas principalmente por agentes resistentes. Objetivo: Estudiar prevalencia y perfil de susceptibilidad en bacterias aisladas de úlceras crónicas en pacientes adultos. Pacientes y Métodos: Pacientes atendidos en la Fundación Instituto Nacional de Heridas entre mayo y julio de 2014, con úlceras crónicas en extremidades inferiores con signos inflamatorios clínicos. Las muestras fueron cultivadas en aerobiosis y anaerobiosis y para la identificación bacteriana se empleó el sistema de galerías API (Biomerieux). La susceptibilidad in vitro se evaluó según el método de Kirby Bauer. Resultados: Se reclutaron 73 pacientes, entre quienes 46 presentaron úlceras infectadas, diagnosticándose 33 úlceras venosas con predominio de infección polimicrobiana y 10 úlceras de pie diabético con predominio de infección monomicrobiana (p ≤ 0,05). Se aislaron 68 cepas de los 46 pacientes con úlcera infectada. Las enterobacterias predominaron en infección monomicrobiana (p ≤ 0,05) y los demás grupos bacterianos fueron levemente más frecuentes en infección polimicrobiana. La especie prevalente fue Staphylococcus aureus (24%) seguida de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18%). Cincuenta cepas (77%) presentaron resistencia a uno o más antibacterianos. Destacamos resistencia de S. aureus a ciprofloxacina (50%) y cefoxitina (37,5%) identificándose así resistencia a meticilina en la comunidad (SARM-AC), siendo todas sensibles a cotrimoxazol. Las enterobacterias presentaron resistencia a sensibilidad a amikacina (95,5%), P. aeruginosa evidenció resistencia a ciprofloxacina (33,3%) con alta sensibilidad a gentamicina (91,7%) y amikacina (83,3%), mientras Acinetobacter spp presentó resistencia a ciprofloxacina y ceftazidima en 60%, con 100% de sensibilidad a imipenem. Streptococcus β hemolítico presentó 50% de resistencia a clindamicina y penicilina. Conclusión: Estos datos entregan información epidemiológica de infecciones de úlceras crónicas, representando un apoyo al diagnóstico, tratamiento y manejo de esta patología.

Background: Chronic wounds are considered a public health problem that may be complicated by bacterial infections, mainly caused by resistant strains. Aim: To study the bacteria prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility in samples from adult patients with chronic wounds. Methods: Patients treated at National Institute of Wounds Foundation between May and July 2014, with chronic ulcers in lower extremities with clinical inflammatory signs were recluted. Samples were cultured in aerobic and anaerobic atmosphere and species identification was performed by API (Biomerieux) galleries. The in vitro susceptibility was evaluated according to the Kirby Bauer method. Results: From 73 patients, 46 had infected wounds most of them were venous ulcers (33) with prevalence in polymicrobial infections and 10 with foot-diabetes ulcers with prevalence in monomicrobial infections (p ≤ 0.05). Sixty-eight strains were isolated and Enterobacteriaceae were predominant in monomicrobial infection (p ≤ 0.05) and the other groups were slightly higher in polymicrobial infection. The main species were Staphylococcus aureus (24%) followed by P. aeruginosa (18%). Fifty strains (77%) were resistant or multi-resistance. We emphasize resistance of S. aureus to ciprofloxacin (50%) and cefoxitin (37.5%), thus identifying resistance to methicillin in the community (CA-SAMR), all of which are sensitive to cotrimoxazole. Enterobacteria showed sensitivity to amikacin (95.5%), P. aeruginosa showed resistance to ciprofloxacin (33.3%) with high sensitivity to gentamicin (91.7%) and amikacin (83.3%), while Acinetobacter spp showed resistance to ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime in 60%, with 100% sensitivity to imipenem. 50% Streptococcus β hemolytic showed resistance to clindamycin and penicillin. Conclusion: These data provide epidemiological information on chronic wound infections, representing support for diagnosis, treatment and management of this pathology.

Comportamiento antibacteriano de partículas de cobre frente a microorganismos obtenidos de úlceras crónicas infectadas y su relación con la resistencia a antimicrobianos de uso común / Antibacterial activity of copper salts against microorganisms isolated from chronic infected wounds

Background: The antimicrobial activity of copper (Cu+2) is recognized and used as an antimicrobial agent. Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of copper against microorganisms obtained from chronic cutaneous wound infections. Material and Methods: Five chemical products that contained copper particles in their composition were tested (zeolite, silica, acetate, nitrate and nanoparticle of copper). The antimicrobial activity against antibiotic resistant strains usually isolated from chronic cutaneous wound infections was determined for two of the products with better performance in copper release. Results: The minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations of copper acetate and nitrate were similar, fluctuating between 400-2,000 µg/ml. Conclusions: The studied copper salts show great potential to be used to control both gram positive and gram negative, antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from wound infections.

Efeito do treinamento físico na qualidade de vida, capacidade funcional e fatores de risco cardiovascular nos portadores de doença renal crônica em tratamento conservador / Effect of exercise training n quality of life, functional capacity and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative treatment

A Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) é um importante problema mundial de saúde pública. A DRC apresenta, dentre os principais sintomas, a fadiga, a fraqueza muscular e a baixa tolerância ao exercício, sintomas que contribuem diretamente para o sedentarismo e a baixa mobilidade, com consequente aumento da morbidade e mortalidade. Pacientes com DRC apresentam pobre qualidade de vida, incidência elevada de doenças cardiovasculares, alta prevalência de inflamação crônica e disfunção endotelial com aumento de rigidez arterial, da massa ventricular esquerda e da concentração sérica de dimetilarginina assimétrica (ADMA). Acredita-se que o condicionamento físico desses pacientes possa atenuar fatores de risco cardiovascular e implicar na melhora da qualidade de vida e da capacidade funcional. Vários trabalhos têm avaliado essa premissa em pacientes em diálise, porém poucos estudos a avaliaram em portadores de DRC em tratamento conservador. Avaliar o impacto do treinamento físico em relação à capacidade funcional, qualidade de vida e fatores de risco cardiovascular não tradicionais em portadores de DRC em tratamento conservador. Ensaio clínico, prospectivo e controlado, não randomizado, composto por 16 portadores de DRC, estágios de II a IV, em tratamento conservador, divididos, de acordo com sua disponibilidade e vontade, em grupo controle (GC) e grupo treinamento (GT). Todos os pacientes foram avaliados inicialmente com a realização de teste ergométrico (protocolo de Bruce) em esteira ergométrica para estratificar a capacidade aeróbica por meio do VO2max estimado. Foi realizado Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos para avaliar aptidão física. Foi avaliada pressão arterial central e parâmetros de rigidez arterial com o aparelho Sphygmocor e realizado Ultrassonografia para a mensuração de diâmetros arteriais e de massa cardíaca...

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a worldwide major public health problem. The CKD has among the main symptoms, fatigue, muscle weakness and poor exercise tolerance, symptoms that directly contribute to physical inactivity and low mobility, with consequent increased morbidity and mortality. CKD patients have poor quality of life, increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases, high prevalence of chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction with increased arterial stiffness, left ventricular mass and serum concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). It is believed that the improvement at physical fitness of these patients may attenuate cardiovascular risk factors and result in improved quality of life and functional capacity. Several studies have evaluated this premise in dialysis patients, but few studies have evaluated in CKD patients on conservative treatment. Evaluate the impact of exercise training at functional capacity, quality of life and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors in CKD patients on conservative treatment. Clinical trial, prospective, controlled and non-randomized study, comprising 16 patients with CKD stages II to IV, undergoing conservative treatment, divided according to their availability and desire in control group (CG) and training group (GT). All patients were evaluated with the Exercise Test (Bruce protocol) at treadmill to stratify aerobic capacity through VO2max. 6-minute walk test was performed to assess physical fitness. We evaluated central blood pressure and arterial stiffness parameters with the device Sphygmocor and used ultrasound for the measurement of arterial diameters and cardiac mass. Laboratory tests were also collected to establish the full extent of renal inflammation and serum concentration of ADMA...

Maior nível de atividade física associa-se a melhor função cognitiva em renais crônicos em hemodiálise / Greater level of physical activity associated with better cognitive function in hemodialysis in end stage renal disease

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) apresentam menor tolerância ao exercício e baixa capacidade funcional, o que os torna, via de regra, sedentários. Outra alteração importante encontrada na DRC é a disfunção cognitiva. O sedentarismo tem sido associado à disfunção cognitiva na população geral, porém, poucos estudos avaliaram essa associação na DRC. OBJETIVOS: Verificar associação entre o nível de atividade física e a função cognitiva de pacientes com DRC que realizam hemodiálise (HD). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 102 pacientes que realizam HD. Os participantes responderam o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física, que avalia o nível de atividade física e o Mini Exame do Estado Mental, utilizado para o rastreamento cognitivo. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos conforme a classificação do nível de atividade física (GI: ativos/GII: irregularmente ativos/GIII: sedentários). Foi aplicada análise de regressão logística adotando-se como variável desfecho a presença de disfunção cognitiva e preservando como variáveis independentes aquelas com probabilidade estatística de diferença entre os grupos inferior a 0,1. Foi considerado estatisticamente significante o valor de p inferior a 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os grupos foram semelhantes quanto à idade, tempo de HD, escolaridade e tabagismo. Apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante quanto à raça, índice de massa corporal, presença de diabetes mellitus, doença de base e grau de déficit cognitivo. Quanto aos dados laboratoriais, os grupos diferiram quanto à creatinina, glicemia, hemoglobina e hematócrito. Houve associação entre o nível de atividade física e função cognitiva, mesmo ajustando-se para as variáveis de confusão. CONCLUSÃO: O maior nível de atividade física associou-se a melhor função cognitiva em renais crônicos em HD, independentemente das variáveis de confusão avaliadas.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a lower exercise tolerance and poor functional capacity, carry on a sedentary lifestyle. Another important change found in patients with CKD is cognitive dysfunction. Physical inactivity has been associated with cognitive dysfunction in the general population, but few studies have evaluated this association in CKD. OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between physical activity and cognitive function in patients with CKD on hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: We evaluated 102 patients undergoing HD. The participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, which assesses the level of physical activity and the Mini Mental State Examination, used for cognitive screening. Patients were divided into three groups according to their level of physical activity (GI: active/GII: irregularly active/GIII: sedentary). It was applied logistic regression analysis and adopted as outcome variable the presence of cognitive impairment and preserving as independent variables those with a probability of statistical difference between groups of less than 0.1. It was considered statistically significant when p less than 0.05. RESULTS: The groups were similar in age, duration of HD, and smoking. Statistically significant difference regarding race, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, underlying disease and degree of cognitive impairment. Regarding laboratory data, the groups differed in terms of creatinine, glucose, hemoglobin and hematocrit. There was significant association with better physical activity and cognitive function, even adjusting for confounding variables. CONCLUSION: the highest level of physical activity was associated with better cognitive function in CKD patients undergoing HD.