Evaluation of different procedure involved in the Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) technique experimental application

Introduction: The transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique, which induces neuroplastic changes in the central nervous system of animals and humans. Furthermore, tDCS has been suggested as a therapeutic tool for pain management. The aim of this study was to standardize a non-invasive tDCS technique indexed by the nociceptive response of rats submitted to different conditions necessary to the tDCS application. Method: 60-day-old male Wistar rats (n=65), divided into 6 groups: control(C); non-active sham (NAS); active-sham (AS); active-sham restrained (ASR); non-active sham restrained (NASR); active tDCS treatment. Animals received treatment during 30 seconds (sham-active) or 20 minutes (restraint and tDCS)/8 days. Nociceptive threshold was assessed by Hot Plate test at baseline, immediately and 24h after the first session, immediately and 24h after the last session. Variance analysis of repeated measurements followed by Bonferroni was performed for intra-group comparison. Results: Physical restraint and 30 seconds stimulation (sham-tDCS) increased pain sensitivity (P≤0.05), and tDCS treatment was able to prevent the thermal hyperalgesia. Our original tDCS montage is similar to that used in the procedure with humans, because it is not an invasive technique. The electrodes are positioned on the head, and the animals are immobilized during the 20-minute treatment. As this procedure could involve behavior and neurochemical alterations due to stress induced by restriction (thus, it creates a research bias), we hypothesized that a 30-second electrical stimulus application (sham-tDCS) and the physical restriction used during tDCS treatment might alter nociceptive response in rats. Conclusion: There are methodological limitations in the present tDCS-technique. Although active-tDCS treatment is able to prevent these harmful effects, interference of these factors has to be considered during the results' analysis. Future adaptations of the tDCS-technique in rats are required to evaluate its therapeutic effects (AU)

Prevalência de morbidades e sintomas em idosos: um estudo comparativo entre zonas rural e urbana / The prevalence of morbidity and symptoms among the elderly: a comparative study between rural and urban areas

Realizou-se um estudo transversal, com a população idosa moradora nas zonas rural e urbana caracterizando a prevalência de morbidades e sintomas. Entrevistou-se 229 idosos, com média de idade de 72,3 anos, 57,2% residem na zona urbana, 56,3% são do sexo feminino. As morbidades mais relatadas por residentes da zona urbana foram: insônia (37,7%), ansiedade (32,1%), depressão (26,7%); e na rural, diabetes (13,3%). Nesta, a Doença de Alzheimer foi mais prevalente em idosos que utilizam agrotóxicos (21,7%). Os sintomas mais prevalentes por moradores da zona urbana foram: tosse/coriza e visão alterada (41,2%), alergia/coceira (11,4%). Na rural, boca seca (25,4%), visão alterada (35,6%) e dor nas pernas (66,1%) que também foram mais prevalentes em quem utilizava agrotóxicos. O uso de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual de forma incompleta foi de 85,4% e 45,1% descartam as embalagens de forma inadequada. Há a necessidade de desenvolvimento de programas de saúde pública que auxiliem na promoção de saúde do idoso, e que considere a possível exposição dessa população a agrotóxicos com um determinante em saúde.

A cross-sectional study was conducted with the elderly population in rural and urban areas characterized by the prevalence of morbidity and symptoms, and 229 elderly people were interviewed. The average age was 72.3, of which 57.2% lived in the rural zone and 56.3% were female. The morbidities most reported were insomnia (37.7%), anxiety (32.1%), depression (26.7%), and in the rural zone it was diabetes (13.3%). In this zone, Alzheimer´s disease was more prevalent among the elderly who handled pesticides (21.7%). The most prevalent symptoms among urban zone residents were: cough/runny nose and sight alterations (41.2%), allergy/itching (11.4%). In the rural zone, dry mouth (25.4%), sight alterations (35.6%) and leg pain (66.1%) were also more prevalent among those who used pesticides. The inadequate use of Individual Protection Equipment was 85.4%, and 45.1% also disposed of pesticide packaging inappropriately. The setting up of public health programs is necessary to promote health among the elderly and the potential exposure to pesticides for this population should be seen as a health risk determinant.

Avaliação do impacto da exposição a agrotóxicos sobre a saúde de população rural: Vale do Taquari (RS, Brasil) / Evaluation of the impact of exposure to pesticides on the health of the rural population: Vale do Taquari, State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil)

Este estudo transversal teve o objetivo de avaliar possível associação entre contato com agrotóxicos e prevalência de doenças crônicas em população rural do Sul do Brasil. Três municípios foram aleatoriamente escolhidos. A amostra selecionada por conveniência foi recrutada durante três meses (2005) e se compôs de 298 sujeitos de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 65 anos e que procuravam farmácia pública ou privada para a compra de medicamentos. Os dados obtidos, mediante entrevistas estruturadas, demonstraram que 68,4 por cento dos entrevistados exerciam atividade rural, dos quais 74,8 por cento eram membros de famílias de agricultores e tinham contato com agrotóxicos. A média de idade foi 51±16,5 anos para os entrevistados com contato com agrotóxicos e 50±17,9 anos para os sem contato. A amostra foi constituída de 36,2 por cento por homens e 57,7 por cento dos indivíduos que apresentavam mais de quatro anos de estudo. O contato direto ou indireto com agrotóxicos associou-se ao relato de várias doenças, sendo as neurológicas e as orais as mais prevalentes. Houve associação com relato de condições dolorosas, de modo que indivíduos com contato com agrotóxicos apresentaram em torno de duas vezes mais chances de as referirem. Os dados corroboram os da literatura e indicam a necessidade de promoção de medidas de proteção e prevenção da saúde da população rural.

The scope of this cross-sectional study was to assess a possible link between contact with pesticides and the prevalence of chronic disease in the rural population in the south of Brazil. Three municipalities were randomly chosen. The sample selected was recruited over three months (2005) and was composed of 298 subjects of both sexes, between 18 and 65 years of age, who frequented public or private pharmacies for the purchase of medication. Data obtained by means of structured interviews revealed that 68.4 percent of those interviewed worked in rural activities, and 74.8 percent of these were members of families working in agriculture with contact with pesticides. The average age was 51+16.5 years of age for the interviewees with contact with pesticides and 50+17.9 years for those without contact. The sample was composed of 36.2 percent of men, and 57.7 percent of the individuals had more than four years of education. Direct or indirect contact with pesticides was associated with the report of several diseases, with neurological and oral diseases being the most prevalent. There was a link with painful conditions and individuals with contact with pesticides reported twice as many diseases. The data corroborate the literature and draw attention to the need for promoting measures to protect the health of the rural population.

Adesão a listas de medicamentos essenciais em municípios de três estados brasileiros / Adherence to essential medicines in cities from three Brazilian states

Este estudo comparou as Relações Municipais de Medicamentos Essenciais (REMUME), analisou a adesão dos prescritores e a disponibilidade de medicamentos essenciais em unidades de saúde vinculadas ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Foram coletados dados sobre as REMUME e os medicamentos prescritos a 2.411 pacientes arrolados consecutivamente em oito serviços de atenção primária ou secundária de municípios da região centro-sul do país. A disponibilidade dos medicamentos foi verificada por meio da existência de estoque na farmácia. De um total de 5.222 medicamentos prescritos, 76,4 por cento constavam nas REMUME, 76,8 por cento na Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (RENAME) e 63 por cento na lista da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Entre os medicamentos mais prescritos, um ou mais não pertenciam às respectivas REMUME. Do total de medicamentos prescritos, 76,1 por cento estavam disponíveis nos locais pesquisados; entre os medicamentos essenciais, a disponibilidade aumentou para 88,1 por cento. A prescrição em desacordo com as REMUME pode ser resultado da indisponibilidade dos medicamentos nos locais investigados ou da inadequação das listas frente ao nível de complexidade da atenção.

This study compared the Municipal Essential Medicines Lists (REMUME) and examined adherence by prescribers and availability of essential medicines in the health units affiliated with the Unified National Health System (SUS). Data were collected on lists and medicines prescribed to 2,411 patients enrolled consecutively in primary or secondary care services in Brazilian municipalities. Of 5,222 prescribed medicines, 76.4 percent were present on the REMUME, 76.8 percent on the National List of Essential Medicines (RENAME), and 63 percent on the World Health Organization (WHO) list. Among the most frequently prescribed medications, one or more did not belong to the respective REMUME. Of all medicines prescribed, 76.1 percent were available in the inspected facilities; for essential medicines, the availability increased to 88.1 percent. Prescription in disagreement with the REMUME may result from the unavailability of medicines in the inspected facilities or the lists' inadequacy for the level of care.

Analysis of pharmaceutical assistance in the Taquari Valley, Rio Grande do Sul: profile of service users and access to medication / Análise da assistência farmacêutica no Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul: perfil dos usuários do serviço e acesso à medicação

Pharmaceutical assistance concerns actions developed by the pharmacist and other professionals with the purpose of promoting, protecting and restoring health. Medications are an essential tool in this process that focuses on the access to, and the rational use of, drugs. This study is aimed at evaluating the Pharmaceutical Assistance provided by Municipal Health Offices in the Taquari Valley, Rio Grande do Sul. For this purpose, 2,794 users of public pharmacies were interviewed and data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The users of the public pharmacies were mainly female and individuals with low educational level and income. On average, 2.41 drugs were prescribed per medical prescription and 1.72 of these were procured. Out of the total medicines prescribed, 76.5 percent were listed in the municipal standard drug list (SDL). Medication was prescribed by its generic name in 81.8 percent of the prescriptions. Antibiotics and injections were prescribed in 11.9 percent and 4.0 percent of the prescriptions, respectively. Users' access to information is partial, which can impair adherence to the treatment. Thus, it is possible to conclude that review of the service is necessary for it to be effective.

A Assistência Farmacêutica se preocupa com ações desenvolvidas pelo farmacêutico ou outros profissionais com o propósito de promover, proteger e restaurar a saúde. Medicamentos são ferramentas essenciais nesse processo, que se concentra no acesso e no uso racional de fármacos. Este estudo objetivou a avaliação da Assitência Farmacêutica suprida pela Secretaria Municipal da Saúde no Vale do Taquari, no Rio Grande do Sul. Com esse propósito, 2.794 usuários das farmácias públicas foram entrevistados e analisaram-se os dados usando estatística descritiva. Os usuários das farmácias públicas eram, principalmente, mulheres e indivíduos com baixo nível educacional e financeiro. Na média, 2,41 fármacos eram prescritos por prescrição médica e 1,72 destes foram obtidos. Do total de medicamentos prescritos, 76,5 por cento estava inscritos na lista de medicamentos padrão do município (SDL). A medicação foi prescrita pelo nome genérico em 81,8 por cento dos casos. Antibióticos e injeções foram prescritas em 11,9 por cento e 4,0 por cento das prescrições, respectivamente. O acesso dos usuários à informação é parcial, o que pode prejudicar a adesão ao tratamento. Dessa forma, é possível concluir que a revisão do serviço é necessária para que seja eficaz.