Enterite mesentérica como complicação rara do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico / Mesenteric enteritis as a rare complication of systemic lupus erythematosus

A dor abdominal no paciente com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico tem amplo espectro clínico, variando desde condições inespecí- ficas, como diarreia e vômitos, até eventos de importante morbi- mortalidade, como o abdome agudo inflamatório e/ou perfura- tivo. A seguir, descreve-se um caso de paciente do sexo feminino, de 23 anos, internada por dor abdominal associada a vômitos e à diarreia crônica e progressiva. Foi diagnosticada com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico há 2 anos. Durante a internação, evoluiu com quadro de abdome agudo, e foi realizada tomografia compu- tadorizada de abdome, revelando importante edema de parede intestinal difuso. Isso, somado a alterações clínico-laboratoriais, permitiu o diagnóstico de enterite lúpica. Foi realizado tratamen- to conservador, com corticoterapia e terapia de suporte com correção de distúrbios eletrolíticos severos, sendo iniciado ciclo- fosfamida, com resolução dos sintomas gastrintestinais.

Abdominal pain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has a broad clinical spectrum, ranging from nonspecific symp- toms, such as diarrhea and vomiting, to events of significant morbidity and mortality, such as acute inflammatory and/or per- forating abdomen. This article describes a case of a 23-year-old female patient hospitalized for abdominal pain, associated with vomiting and progressive chronic diarrhea. She was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus 2 years ago. During hospita- lization, the patient progressed with acute abdomen, and an ab- dominal computed tomography scan was performed, revealing major diffuse intestinal wall edema. This, added to clinical and laboratories alterations, allowed the diagnosis of lupus enteritis. A conservative treatment with corticotherapy and supportive therapy with correction of severe electrolyte disturbances were initiated, as well as the prescription of cyclophosphamide, with resolution of gastrointestinal symptoms.

Descripción clínica y epidemiológica de pacientes con pancreatitis crónica en un hospital de alta complejidad en Cali, 2011 a 2017 / Clinical and epidemiological description of patients with chronic pancreatitis treated at a quaternary care hospital in Cali, 2011-2017

Resumen Introducción: la pancreatitis crónica (PC) es una inflamación progresiva del páncreas que puede llevar a su destrucción e insuficiencia irreversibles. Es una patología desafiante para el médico, debido a que establecer su diagnóstico puede tomar meses e incluso años, el seguimiento de pacientes suele ser problemático y el conocimiento sobre la clínica y epidemiología en Colombia es incompleto. Este estudio pretende hacer una descripción de pacientes con PC en un centro de referencia en gastroenterología de Cali, Colombia. Metodología: estudio de corte transversal de pacientes adultos con PC confirmada por criterios clínicos y radiológicos entre 2011 y 2017. Resultados: se incluyeron 36 pacientes con PC. La mayoría fueron hombres (72,2%) y la media de edad fue 56 (+ 15,1) años. El dolor abdominal crónico fue la presentación clínica más común (83,3%). Cerca de un cuarto de pacientes presentaba diabetes mellitus (22,2%). Se consideró etiología idiopática en 58,3%, alcohólica en el 11,0% y biliar en el 11,0%. La tomografía axial computarizada (TAC), resonancia magnética (RMN) y colangiopancreatografía por RMN fueron los métodos diagnósticos más usados (60,5%), con los que en su mayoría se visualizó atrofia (53,1%), dilatación de conductos (49,0%) y calcificaciones del páncreas (34,7%). Conclusión: los síntomas inespecíficos de la PC en fases iniciales y su largo curso clínico favorecen al subdiagnóstico de esta patología. Los resultados presentados pueden contribuir a la futura creación de escalas clínicas locales que orienten estudios radiológicos y genéticos tempranos, con el fin de lograr un diagnóstico oportuno y mejorar la calidad de vida de estos pacientes.

Abstract Introduction: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to irreversible damage and failure. This condition poses great challenges to physicians since its diagnosis can take months or even years. Patient follow-up is often problematic and knowledge about its clinical presentation and epidemiology in Colombia is scarce. This study aims to describe patients with CP treated at a gastroenterology reference center in Cali, Colombia. Methodology: Cross-sectional study in adult patients with CP confirmed based on clinical and radiological criteria between 2011 and 2017. Results: 36 patients with CP were included. The majority were men (72.2%), and the mean age was 56 (+15.1) years. Chronic abdominal pain was the most common clinical presentation (83.3%). About a quarter of patients had diabetes mellitus (22.2%). Etiology was idiopathic in 58.3%, alcoholic in 11.0%, and biliary in 11.0%. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and MRI cholangiopancreatography were the most commonly used diagnostic methods (60.5%), showing mostly atrophy (53.1%), duct dilation (49.0%), and pancreatic calcifications (34.7%). Conclusion: Nonspecific symptoms of CP in early stages and its long clinical course favor the underdiagnosis of this condition. The results presented may contribute to the future creation of local clinical scales that guide early radiological and genetic studies to achieve a timely diagnosis and improve the quality of life of these patients.

Migraña Abdominal: variaciones en el diagnóstico y tratamiento entre gastroenterólogos y neurólogos pediatras / Abdominal migraines: variations in diagnosis and care between pediatric gastroenterologists and neurologists

Resumen: Introducción: La migraña abdominal (MA) es infrecuente y poco estudiada. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de niños y adolescentes con MA y compararlos entre gastroen terólogos y neurólogos pediatras. Pacientes y Método: Todos los cuadros de MA (1-18 años) de un hospital de EE. UU, con diagnóstico de MA o sus variantes (ICD-9 346.2 o IC-10 G43.D, G43.D0, G43.D1) entre 2011-2017 fueron revisados. La información sobre diagnóstico, intervalo desde inicio de síntomas, criterios diagnósticos, pruebas diagnósticas, tratamiento y resultado se analizaron. Re sultados: Sesenta y nueve historias médicas fueron identificadas. La edad media al diagnóstico fue 9,7 años. El 48% de los pacientes fueron del sexo femenino. Cincuenta (72,4%) pacientes fueron tratados solo por gastroenterólogos pediatras, y 10/69 (14,5%) por neurológos pediatras exclusivamente. 6/69 (8,7%) fueron inicialmente evaluados por gastroenterología y posteriormente referidos a neurología, y 2/69 (2,9%) fueron inicialmente evaluados por neurología y luego referidos a gastroenterología. 3/10 (30%) de las MA diagnosticadas por neurólogos no mencionaban que el paciente tuviera dolor abdominal, sin embargo, todos los diagnósticos realizados por gastroenterólogos presentaron dicho síntoma (p=0,0035). 5/50 (10%) de las historias médicas de gastroenterología y ninguna de las histo rias de neurología mencionaban los criterios de Roma. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los niños fueron diagnosticados por pediatras gastroenterólogos. Los gastroenterólogos rara vez utilizaron los criterios de Roma. Pacientes evaluados por neurología son frecuentemente diagnosticados con MA, incluso sin presentar dolor abdominal (criterio necesario para el diagnóstico). Se recomienda educación para el correcto y oportuno diagnóstico de la migraña abdominal.

Abstract: Introduction: Abdominal migraine (AM) is uncommon and understudied. Our objective was to investigate the diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents with AM and compare with that of pediatric gastroenterologists and neurologists. Patients and Method: All AM cases (1-18 years) from a USA hospital with diagnosis of abdominal migraine or its variants (ICD-9 346.2 or IC-10 G43.D, G43.D0, G43.D1) between 2011 and 2017 were reviewed. Information on diagnosis, interval from onset of symptoms, diagnostic criteria, diagnostic tests, treatment, and outcome were analyzed. Results: 69 medical records were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 9.7 years, and 48% of patients were female. 50/69 (72.4%) patients were exclusively treated by a pediatric gastroenterologist and 10/69 (14.5%) exclusively by a pediatric neurologist. 6/69 (8.7%) were initially evaluated by gas troenterology and referred to neurology, and 2/69 (2.9%) were initially evaluated by neurology and then referred to gastroenterology. 3/10 (30%) of the AM diagnosed by neurologists did no report ab dominal pain (AP), however, all diagnoses made by gastroenterologists did (p = 0.0035). 5/50 (10%) of the gastroenterology medical records and no neurology medical records mentioned Rome criteria. Conclusions: Most of the children were diagnosed by pediatric gastroenterologists. Gastroenterolo gists rarely use the Rome criteria. Patients evaluated by neurologists are frequently diagnosed with AM even without AP (a criterion that is required for its diagnosis). Education is recommended for the correct and timely diagnosis of AM.

Proposta de escore preditor de desfechos para abdome agudo / Outcomes prediction score for acute abdomen: a proposal

RESUMO Objetivo: estabelecer a correlação entre dados objetivos coletados na avaliação inicial e os desfechos nos casos de dor abdominal aguda. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo, de caso controle, em que foram revisados prontuários de pacientes atendidos em um serviço de urgência e emergência no ano de 2016, diagnosticados com dor abdominal e pélvica. Resultados: de 2.352 prontuários avaliados, 330 foram considerados válidos para o estudo. Destes pacientes, 235 (71,2%) receberam alta e os 95 (28,8%) restantes foram internados, submetidos à cirurgia ou morreram. A análise estatística demonstrou que sexo masculino, idade ≥50 anos, temperatura axilar >37,3ºC, anemia, leucocitose >10.000/mm3, neutrocitose acima de 7.700/mm3, linfopenia <2.000/mm3 e hiperamilasemia são variáveis isoladamente associadas a pior desfecho. Conclusão: a presença de três ou mais das variáveis avaliadas aumenta fortemente a chance de um paciente sofrer os desfechos de cirurgia ou morte, sendo a chance de óbito tanto maior quanto maior o número de variáveis presentes.

ABSTRACT Objective: to establish a correlation between objective data collected at the initial evaluation and the outcomes in cases of acute abdominal pain. Methods: we conducted a retrospective, case-control study in which we reviewed medical records of patients treated at an emergency room in 2016, diagnosed with abdominal and pelvic pain. Results: of the 2,352 medical records evaluated, we considered 330 valid for the study. Of these patients, 235 (71.2%) were discharged and the remaining 95 (28.8%) were hospitalized, submitted to surgery, or died. The statistical analysis demonstrated that male gender, age ≥50, axillary temperature >37.3ºC, anemia, leukocytosis >10,000/mm3, neutrophil count above 7,700/mm3, lymphocyte count less than 2,000/mm3 and hyperamylasemia were variables in independently associated with worse outcome. Conclusion: the presence of three or more of the evaluated variables greatly increases the chances of a patient suffering the outcomes of surgery or death, the chance of death being greater the greater the number of variables present.

Isquemia mesentérica crónica en una anciana con demencia: un reto diagnóstico / Chronic mesenteric ischemia in an elderly woman with dementia: a diagnostic challenge

El dolor abdominal es una causa frecuente de consulta al servicio de urgencias y la población anciana no es ajena a esta situación. En este grupo de pacientes, la dificultad en el enfoque diagnóstico radica en sus características particulares, como múltiples enfermedades concomitantes, medicación múltiple, deterioro cognitivo y cuidadores con pobre información, situaciones que favorecen múltiples consultas que llevan a diagnósticos erróneos y tardíos. Una de las causas de dolor abdominal en los ancianos son las catástrofes vasculares, como la angina mesentérica, enfermedad poco frecuente y con gran mortalidad, dado que su diagnóstico y su tratamiento son tardíos por la presentación atípica en esta población. Se reporta el caso de una paciente con antecedentes de demencia vascular, que consultó por dolor abdominal crónico y a quien se le diagnosticó angina mesentérica crónica

Abdominal pain is a common cause of visit to the emergency room and the elderly population is prone to present this situation. In this group of patients the difficulty lies in its particular features, like multiple comorbidities and multiple medications, cognitive impairment and poorly informed caregivers, a situations that favors multiple consultations leading to inaccurate and delayed diagnoses. A cause of abdominal pain in the elderly includes vascular catastrophes, such as mesenteric angina, an infrequent disease associated high mortality because diagnosis and treatment are delayed by virtue of the atypical presentation in this population. We report the case of an elderly female with history of vascular dementia who consulted for chronic abdominal pain that was diagnosed as chronic mesenteric angina

Dolor recurrente en fosa iliaca derecha en niños: reporte de dos casos asociados a alergia alimentaria / Recurrent right iliac fossa pain in children: two cases report related to food allergy

Objetivo: Presentar dos casos de alergia alimentaria de presentación poco común y discutir el enfoque diagnóstico de DAR en niños Casos: Caso N° 1: Niña de 11 años, aqueja dolor en fosa iliaca derecha hace 3 meses. Antecedentes: Prematuridad, atopía (dermatitis, rinitis, cólicos). Hermana y madre atópicas. Al examen físico: Dolor exquisito a la palpación de fosa iliaca derecha, cuerda cólica bilateral. Piel seca. Laboratorio: Hematobiometría sin alteraciones. Examen de orina normal, parasitológico seriado (-). EDN (neurotoxina derivada de eosinófilos) fecal >3210 ng/ml (V.N. <360 ng/ml). Colonoscopía: hiperplasia linfoidea de íleon. Caso N° 2: Niño de 9 años. Dolor en fosa iliaca derecha hace tres meses dolor abdominal localizado en fosa iliaca derecha, a predominio nocturno y con irradiación a muslo derecho. Un psiquiatra infantil le prescribe antidepresivos. Antecedentes personales: Lactancia mixta. Atopía: Asma, dermatitis atópica, cólicos de lactante. Antecedentes familiares: Madre alérgica a alimentos, padre presenta rinitis. Al examen físico: Cuerda cólica bilateral. Dolor a la palpación en fosa iliaca derecha. Laboratorio: Inmunoglobulina E 160,5 UI/ml (V.N. < 90). Colonoscopía: Hiperplasia linfoidea en íleon distal. Ambos casos mejoraron con dieta hipoalergénica. Conclusión: En presencia de hiperplasia nodular linfoide de íleon y antecedentes familiares y/o personales de atopía, debemos considerar en el diagnóstico diferencial de dolor abdominal recurrente de fosa iliaca derecha a la alergia alimentaria. La dieta de eliminación es diagnóstica y terapéutica a su vez.

Objective: To present two cases of food allergy of uncommon presentation and discuss the diagnostic approach to give in these cases: Case N° 1: 11-year-old girl, afflicting pain in the right iliac fossa 3 months ago. Background: Prematurity, atopy (dermatitis, rhinitis, cramping). Sister and mother are atopic too. The physical exam show exquisite pain on right iliac fossa at palpation. Laboratory: Urine normal, parasitological serial negative. EDN (neurotoxin derived from eosinophils) fecal >3210 ng/ml (V. N. < 360 ng/ml). Colonoscopy: lymphoid hyperplasia of ileum. Case N° 2: Child of 9 years of age. Right fossa iliac painful three months ago, predominantly nocturnal and with irradiation to right thigh. A child psychiatrist may prescribe antidepressants. Personal History: Breastfeeding and formula since newborn. Atopy: asthma, atopic dermatitis, infant colic. Family history: Mother allergic to food, father presents rhinitis. The physical examination: Pain on palpation in the right iliac fossa. Laboratory: Immunoglobulin E 160.5 IU/ml (V. N. < 90) Colonoscopy: lymphoid hyperplasia in the distal ileum. Both cases relieved by hypoallergenic diet. Conclusion: When both, ileal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia and atopy personal or familiar are present, we must be think in food allergy as differential diagnosis of recurrent abdominal pain of right iliac fosse in children. The elimination diet is diagnostic and therapeutic.

Autoimmune pancreatitis / Pancreatitis autoinmunitaria

We report the case of a 70-year-old male with chronic abdominal pain, who presented with increased intensity of the pain, and was initially diagnosed and treated for acute biliary pancreatitis. However, the symptoms persisted after hospital discharge, and he was subsequently studied with cholangio-MRI, abdominal CT scan, and ERCP, which revealed dilation of the biliary tract and a mass in the head of the pancreas. An excisional biopsy of the lesion showed chronic inflammation with severe sclerosing fibrosis and a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. A diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis was made, and the patient was initiated on azathioprine with good clinical response.

Presentamos el caso de un varón de 70 años con dolor abdominal crónico, que se presenta con aumento de este; se le diagnostica y se lo trata inicialmente como cuadro de pancreatitis biliar. A pesar del manejo inicial, los síntomas persisten después de la primera hospitalización, y se estudia con tomografía computarizada de abdomen, colangiorresonancia y colangiopancreatografía retrograda endoscópica, estudios en los cuales se detecta dilatación de la vía biliar y masa en la cabeza del páncreas. Se llevó a cabo biopsia excisional, que demuestra inflamación crónica con intensa fibrosis e infiltrado linfocitario. Se hace diagnóstico de pancreatitis autoimmunitaria y se inicia azatioprina, con adecuada respuesta.

Fibrosis retroperitoneal: presentación de un caso y revisión del tema / Retroperitoneal fibrosis: case report and literature review

Introducción: la primera descripción de obstrucción ureteral extrínseca por un proceso de fibrosis retroperitoneal se efectuó en 1905. En poco más de un siglo sólo se han reportado unos 800 casos de esta patología. Caso clínico: se reporta el caso de un paciente femenino de 55 años, que cursa con dolor abdominal difuso de larga evolución, acompañado de náusea, vómito, fiebre de 38°C e hipertensión de 160/100 mmHg. Se realiza tomografía axial computarizada observándose masa retroperitoneal que produce obstrucción de uréteres. Se realiza laparotomía exploradora con toma de biopsia y liberación de uréteres. El análisis histopatológico demuestra la presencia de fibrosis retroperitoneal, una entidad patológica poco frecuente, cuyo diagnóstico requiere un alto índice de sospecha en base a los hallazgos clínicos, de laboratorio y de gabinete. Revisión de la literatura: no se han formulado definiciones claras de los diferentes trastornos que se incluyen en el espectro de la fibrosis retroperitoneal, debido a lo infrecuente de esta enfermedad. Por esta razón hoy se carece de criterios diagnósticos y de una clasificación coherente de las diferentes formas que puede adoptar la enfermedad. Sin embargo, ante la sospecha de una fibrosis retroperitoneal se debe distinguir entre una forma idiopática y una secundaria, por las diferentes implicaciones para el tratamiento. Conclusión: la fibrosis retroperitoneal es un diagnóstico diferencial ante la presencia de dolor abdominal difuso asociado a síntomas de compresión ureteral o de grandes vasos.

Introduction. The first description of extrinsic uretheral obstruction by retroperitoneal fibrosis occurred in 1905. In little more than a century, about 800 cases of this disease have been reported. Case description. We report the case of a female 55 year-old patient who presents with diffuse abdominal pain of long duration, nausea, vomiting, fever of 38°C and hypertension of 160/100 mmHg. A CT scan is performed that shows a retroperitoneal mass that obstructs the urethers. Exploratory laparotomy was performed, urethers were released and biopsy was taken. Pathology analysis showed the presence of retroperitoneal fibrosis, a rare pathological entity whose diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion based on clinical, imaging and laboratory workup. Literature review. There are no clear definitions of the variety of disorders that are included in the spectrum of retroperitoneal fibrosis, due to the rarity of this condition. Consequently, we lack diagnostic criteria and a consistent classification of the different forms that it may adopt. However, when there is suspicion of retroperitoneal fibrosis, the first step is to establish whether it is idiopathic or secondary, as there will be treatment implications. Conclusion. Retroperitoneal fibrosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis whenever diffuse abdominal pain is associated with uretheral or great vessels compression.

WHAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS REGARDING ACCEPTANCE TO THE COLONOSCOPY?: Study of related tolerance parameters

Context Colonoscopy plays an indubitable role in the setting of clinical practice, however, it is an invasive exam; complex, lengthy, embarrassing, not devoid of risks and discomfort that yields fear and anxiety in the majority of patients. In a new era of rising competition between health institutions, where the quality of health care and client satisfaction are praised, studies regarding tolerance-related colonoscopy issues yield great potential to be explored. In the present study, tolerance is defined as willingness to repeat the exam. Objectives Evaluate information associated to bowel preparation, the exam itself and post-examination period that might interfere with the tolerance to the colonoscopy. Methods Analysis of the tolerance to the colonoscopy at three stages (pre, post, and during) through a checklist: patient's questionnaire and a medical assessment form were used. Results In this present study, 91.2% of 373 patients exhibited positive tolerance to the colonoscopy. Aspects related to a negative level of tolerance were patient gender (12.9% of women versus 3.2% of men would not repeat the exam), age extremes (less than 20 years and greater than 80 years of age), and abdominal pain, both during the bowel preparation and after the procedure. Conclusions Gender, age, patient cooperation and abdominal pain were the decisive components regarding tolerance to the colonoscopy. Notably, in two phases of the exam, the abdominal pain was the most important feature associated to a lessened tolerance. .

Contexto É inquestionável o papel da colonoscopia na prática clínica, entretanto, trata-se de exame invasivo, complexo, demorado, impudico, não isento de riscos e desconforto, que gera receio e ansiedade à maioria dos pacientes. Em uma nova época de elevada competição entre instituições de saúde, na qual se valoriza a qualidade dos serviços prestados e satisfação dos clientes, estudos sobre fatores relacionados a tolerância à colonoscopia oferecem grande potencial a ser explorado. No presente estudo considerou-se tolerância a disposição de repetir o exame. Objetivo Analisar informações relacionados ao preparo, exame e pós exame que interferem na tolerância à colonoscopia. Métodos Análise da tolerância à colonoscopia em três momentos da colonoscopia (pré, pós e durante) através de check list: “formulário do paciente” e “ficha de avaliação médica”. Resultados No presente estudo 91.2% de 373 pacientes apresentaram tolerância positiva à colonoscopia. Os fatores relacionados à tolerância negativa foram o sexo feminino (12.9% mulheres and 3.2% dos homens não repetiriam o exame), extremos de idade (<20 anos e >80 anos) e dor abdominal durante o preparo intestinal e após o procedimento. Conclusões Gênero, idade, cooperação do paciente e dor abdominal foram fatores determinantes da tolerância à colonoscopia. Significativa em duas fases do exame, a dor abdominal foi o fator mais importante relacionado à redução da tolerância. .

Appendiceal endometriosis as a rare cause of abdominal pain: a case report and literature review

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease, common in young women, characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. This ectopic endometrial tissue is most commonly found in the ovaries, peritoneum, uterosacral ligaments and rectovaginal cul-de-sac, with extremely rare involvement of the appendix. The main symptom is chronic abdominal pain, and the diagnosis is often made later, after the result of the histopathological examination. This study reports a 34-year-old patient complaining of chronic pelvic pain refractory to medical treatment, having undergone diagnostic laparotomy. During the surgery, we observed the presence of endometrioma fixed to the uterine wall, and the appendix was enlarged, but without evidence of inflammation. Endometrioma resection and appendectomy were performed, with good postoperative recovery. The anatomopathological exam showed endometriosis in the cecal appendix. (AU)

Endometriose é uma doença inflamatória estrogênio-dependente frequente em mulheres jovens, caracterizada pela presença de tecido endometrial fora da cavidade uterina. Esse tecido ectópico de endométrio é mais comumente encontrado nos ovários, peritônio, ligamentos uterossacros e fundo de saco retovaginal, sendo o acometimento do apêndice cecal extremamente raro. O quadro clínico predominante é o de dor abdominal crônica, sendo muitas vezes o diagnóstico feito posteriormente, após o resultado do anatomopatológico. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 34 anos com queixa de dor pélvica crônica, refratária ao tratamento clínico, tendo sido submetida à laparotomia exploradora diagnóstica. Durante o ato cirúrgico, observamos a presença de endometrioma fixo à parede uterina, bem como apêndice cecal aumentado de volume, porém sem evidência de sinais flogísticos. Procedeu-se à ressecção do endometrioma e apendicectomia, com boa evolução pós-operatória. O resultado do exame anatomopatológico revelou a presença de endometriose no apêndice cecal. (AU)

Dolor abdominal crónico en pediatría / Chronic abdominal pain in children

Chronic Abdominal Pain (CAP) in children is a common cause to seek medical care. This paper summarizes current physiological and biochemical concepts that help in understanding the symptomatology. A review of the main etiological causes connected to CAP is offered, as well as a systematic process to evaluate and diagnose each. Recommendations for management and referral are provided.

El dolor abdominal crónico en niños es una causa común de consulta médica. El presente trabajo resume los conceptos fisiológicos y bioquímicos actuales que apuntan hacia el cabal entendimiento de la sintomatología. En este artículo se presenta una revisión de las principales causales etiológicas asociadas al dolor abdominal crónico, como asimismo un proceso sistemático para evaluar y diagnosticar cada caso. Igualmente, se proporcionan recomendaciones para su manejo y derivación a especialista.

Pancreatitis crónica: nuevas terapias / Chronic pancreatitis: new therapies

Chronic pancreatitis occurs by the prolonged inflammation of pancreatic tissue that induces the irreversible destruction of the organ, leading to a global pancreatic insufficiency. The most common manifestations are abdominal pain, diarrhea, malabsorption, and possibly diabetes mellitus. Chronic pancreatitis treatment includes dietary restrictions, enzymatic supplementation, vitamins, and endoscopic or surgical methods depending on the degree of ductal involvement. In addition to the known therapies, new therapies are under development and research.

La pancreatitis crónica se desarrolla por la inflamación prolongada del tejido pancreático que induce la destrucción irreversible del órgano, llevando a una insuficiencia pancreática global. Las manifestaciones más frecuentes son dolor abdominal, diarrea, malabsorción y eventualmente diabetes mellitus. El tratamiento en pancreatitis crónica incluye restricciones dietarias, suplementación enzimática, vitamínica, y métodos endoscópicos o quirúrgicos, dependiendo del grado de compromiso ductal. Además de lo descrito, están en desarrollo y experimentación nuevas terapias.

Tratamento de angina mesentérica em pacientes com arterite de Takayasu / Treatment of mesenteric angina in patients with Takayasu's arteritis

Aarterite de Takayasu (AT) é uma doença inflamatória crônica do tecido conectivo, idiopática, que acomete preferencialmente a aorta e seus ramos. A terapêutica utilizada baseia-se sobretudo no uso de corticosteroides e imunossupressores. É relatado o caso de uma paciente, 33 anos, com mal-estar, febre, mialgia, cefaleia intensa, pulsátil, holocraniana, resistente a analgésicos, hipertensão arterial sistêmica de difícil controle, claudicação no membro inferior direito e dor abdominal de forte intensidade, a qual piorava após a alimentação. A angiotomografia revelou aneurisma da aorta ascendente, estenose da artéria ilíaca comum direita, estenose das artérias renais e estenose da artéria mesentérica superior, fato que embasou o diagnóstico de angina mesentérica e a conduta intervencionista através da angioplastia transluminal percutânea múltipla com a colocação de stents.

Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory disease of the connective tissue that affects mainly the aorta and its branches. Treatment is mainly based on corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. We report the case of a 33-year-old female complaining of malaise, fever, myalgia, severe pulsing holocranial headache resistant to analgesics, systemic arterial hypertension hard to control, right lower limb claudication, and severe abdominal pain that worsened after the meals. Angiotomography revealed aneurysm of the ascending aorta, and stenosis of the following vessels: right common iliac artery, renal arteries, and superior mesenteric artery. Those findings supported the diagnosis of mesenteric angina and the interventional approach by use of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stent placement.

Indicação da laparoscopia na dor pélvica crônica: revisão baseada em evidências / Indication of laparoscopy in chronic pelvic pain: evidence-based review

Nas últimas décadas, o uso da laparoscopia na ginecologia apresentou aumento expressivo. Ainda é considerada por grande parte dos ginecologistas como a primeira etapa na abordagem das mulheres com dor pélvica crônica. Esta revisão de literatura analisou as indicações da laparoscopia em pacientes com dor pélvica crônica, considerando separadamente os diagnósticos etiológicos mais comuns. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados do Medline-PubMed, Lilacs e Cochrane Library. Esta revisão mostrou que é preciso cautela na indicação do procedimento endoscópico, dado que, em alguns casos, como na endometriose profunda, as complicações são graves e os resultados muitas vezes insatisfatórios, o que justifica maior incentivo ao uso de tratamentos clínicos na abordagem inicial. A laparoscopia deve ser, portanto, empregada como elemento terapêutico em casos criteriosamente selecionados

In the recent decades, the use of laparoscopy in gynecology has had a significant growth. It is still considered by many gynecologists as the first step in the evaluation of women with chronic pelvic pain. This literature review analyzed the indications of laparoscopy in patients with chronic pelvic pain, considering separately the most common etiologies. The databases of Medline, PubMed, Lilacs and Cochrane Library were used. This review showed the need of caution in the indication of endoscopic procedure, because in some cases, as in deep endometriosis, complications are serious and results are often unsatisfactory, which justifies a great incentive to the use of treatment in the initial approach. Laparoscopy should therefore be used as a therapeutic option in carefully selected cases

Estudo prospectivo de pacientes pediátricos com dor abdominal crônica / Prospective study of infants with chronic abdominal pain

OBJETIVO: Classificar a dor abdominal crônica em crianças e adolescentes por meio dos critérios de Roma II e definir o desfecho diagnóstico em três anos de seguimento. MÉTODOS: Durante um ano, 71 pacientes com dor abdominal crônica foram atendidos como casos novos num ambulatório terciário de gastroenterologia pediátrica. Causas orgânicas foram excluídas por bases clínicas e laboratoriais, e relatos clínicos foram avaliados especificamente quanto à possibilidade de preencherem os Critérios de Roma II para dor abdominal em crianças. Para estabelecer o diagnóstico definitivo, os pacientes foram seguidos por três anos, em média. RESULTADOS: A alocação dos 71 pacientes segundo Roma II foi: doença orgânica (n=12), remissão dos sintomas após a primeira consulta (n=7), ou preencheram os critérios para dor funcional (n=52). Dos 12 pacientes de doença orgânica, nove foram diagnosticados como intolerantes à lactose, mas foram re-alocados para doença funcional no seguimento, visto que a dieta de isenção não aliviou a queixa. Dos 52 pacientes com doença funcional (idade mediana=9,3 anos, 50 por cento meninos), nove, que inicialmente preencheram o critério para dor abdominal funcional, foram re-alocados no diagnóstico de constipação funcional e 43 mantiveram o diagnóstico funcional: 24 com dispepsia funcional, 18 com dor abdominal funcional e um com síndrome do intestino irritável. CONCLUSÕES: Dentre os casos de dor abdominal crônica, a dor do tipo funcional foi mais comum que as causas orgânicas e, dentre os seus subgrupos, a dispepsia funcional foi mais freqüente. O seguimento em longo prazo permitiu estabelecer o diagnóstico definitivo da origem da dor abdominal nessas crianças.

OBJECTIVE: To classify chronic abdominal pain in children and adolescents, according to Rome II criteria and to define diagnosis outcome in a three-year follow-up period. METHODS: During one year, 71 consecutive new patients with abdominal pain were seen in a tertiary pediatric gastroenterology outclinic. Organic diseases were excluded by physical examination and laboratory procedures, and clinical complaints were evaluated according to Rome II criteria for children abdominal pain. In order to establish definitive diagnosis, patients were followed for a mean of three years. RESULTS: Allocation of the 71 patients was: organic disease (n=12), complete remission of symptoms following first clinical presentation (n=7), and functional disease (n=52). Nine patients from the organic disease group, who had been diagnosed as having lactose intolerance, were re-allocated to the functional disease criteria since their symptoms did not relieve when lactose was excluded from their diet. Out of the 52 patients of the functional disease group (median age=9.3 years, 50 percent boys), nine children with initial diagnosis of functional abdominal pain were re-allocated to functional constipation diagnosis during follow-up, and other 43 patients fulfilled the functional disease diagnosis defined by Rome II: 24 with functional dyspepsia, 18 with functional abdominal pain and one with irritable bowel syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: In a group of children with chronic abdominal pain, functional diseases were found more frequently than organic diseases, and functional dyspepsia was the commonest subtype. Long term follow-up was useful to establish definitive diagnosis in children with chronic abdominal pain.

Síndrome do ceco móvel: manifestações clínicas e avaliação radiológica da mobilidade do ceco e cólon ascendente em pacientes com queixa de constipação crônica / Mobile cecum syndrome: clinical manifestations and radiologic avaliation of the mobility of cecum and ascending colon in patients with chronic constipation

A síndrome do ceco móvel é uma doença causada por um mesentério relativamente alongado do ceco e segmento do cólon ascedente podendo levar a torções as quais poderiam causar micro danos vasculares impedindo a ação plena de substâncias como o peptídeo intestinal vasoativo e do óxido nítrico, fundamentais para o correto funcionamento do trato gastrointestinal. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a relação entre a mobilidade do ceco e cólon ascendente (diagnosticada por exame radiológico) e a constipação crônica. Foram estudados 40 pacientes constipados, do Ambulatório de Coloproctologia do Hospital Regional de Mato Grosso do Sul (HRMS), segundo protocolo em anexo, por meio de analise radiográfica do segmento em questão. Verificou-se que a maioria dos pacientes (72,50 por cento) apresentou mobilidade radiológica do ceco e cólon ascendente, e que as variáveis clínicas estudadas segundo o protocolo não são suficientes para definir esses pacientes como portadores dessa síndrome.

Mobile cecum syndrome is a disease caused by the failure of the right colon fusion with the lateral peritoneum. It might lead to volvulus which could cause micro vascular damages preventing the full action of substances such as the intestinal vasoactive peptide and nitric oxide. These substances are necessary to the correct gastrointestinal function. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the mobility of cecum and the right colon (diagnosed by radiological examination) and the chronic constipation. Forty constipated patients, from the Clinic of Coloproctologia of the Hospital Regional de Mato Grosso do Sul (HRMS), in accordance with the attached protocol were studied through radiological analysis. It was observed that the majority of the patients (72,50 percent) presented radiological mobility of the cecum and right colon and that the clinical variable studied according to the protocol are not enough to define these patients as mobile cecum syndrome patients.