Resistencia bacteriana a antibióticos en ambientes acuáticos: origen e implicaciones para la salud pública

El alarmante incremento de la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos a nivel global ha dilucidado otras fuentes diferentes al hospital y la comunidad, donde el agua ha cobrado gran importancia. El ambiente acuático constituye la fuente y el hábitat natural de un gran número de microorganismos, incluyendo bacterias resistentes a antibióticos; así mismo, se considera uno de los principales receptores de antimicrobianos, bacterias resistentes y genes de resistencia a antibióticos provenientes de las actividades humanas. La contaminación del agua con estos contaminantes emergentes tiene implicaciones serias para la salud humana, relacionadas con la diseminación de la resistencia bacteriana y la emergencia de nuevos mecanismos de resistencia. En esta revisión se brinda una descripción global del papel de los ambientes acuáticos en el problema de la resistencia bacteriana, las principales fuentes de contaminación, además del impacto para la salud pública. Ante este panorama, se establece la necesidad de abordar la problemática de la resistencia bacteriana desde la perspectiva de "una salud", donde a la vigilancia tradicional, enfocada a nivel humano y veterinario, se articule la vigilancia epidemiológica ambiental, principalmente basada en aguas residuales.

The alarming increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics globally has diluted sources other than the hospital and community, where water has taken on great importance. The aquatic environment is the source and natural habitat of a large number of microorganisms, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria, as well as being considered one of the main receptors for antimicrobials, resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes from human activities. Contamination of water with these emerging contaminants has serious implications for human health related to the spread of bacterial resistance and the emergence of new resistance mechanisms. This review provides a global description of the role of aquatic environments in the problem of bacterial resistance, the main sources of contamination, as well as the impact on Public Health. In this context, the need arises to address the problem of bacterial resistance from the perspective of "one health", where traditional surveillance, focused at the human and veterinary level, is articulated with environmental epidemiological surveillance, mainly in wastewater.

O incremento alarmante da resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos no nível global tem revelado outras fontes diferentes do hospital e da comunidade, em que a água tem ganho grande importância. O ambiente aquático constitui a fonte e o hábitat natural de um grande número de microrganismos, incluindo bactérias resistentes a antibióticos; é considerado, também, um dos principais receptores de antimicrobianos, bactérias resistentes e genes de resistência a antibióticos provindos das atividades humanas. A poluição da água com esses poluentes emergentes tem sérias implicações para a saúde humana, relacionadas com a disseminação da resistência bacteriana e a emergência de novos mecanismos de resistência. Nesta revisão oferece-se uma descrição global do papel dos ambientes aquáticos na situação problemática da resistência bacteriana, as principais fontes de poluição, além do impacto para a saúde pública. Diante desse panorama, determina-se a necessidade de abordar a problemática da resistência bacteriana desde a perspectiva de "uma saúde" em que a vigilância tradicional, focada nos níveis humano e veterinário, esteja articulada com a vigilância epidemiológica ambiental, principalmente baseada em águas residuais.

O uso de probióticos como adjunto no tratamento da periodontite: revisão literatura / The use of probiotics as adjunct in the treatment of periodontitis: revisão literatura

A periodontite é definida como uma doença inflamatória crônica de natureza multifatorial associada com biofilme disbiótico. O tratamento padrão para periodontite é a Raspagem e Alisamento Radicular (RAR), no entanto quando há a presença de bolsas profundas, áreas com dificuldades de inacessibilidade como lesão de furca ou perfil microbiológico especifico, pode ser necessário a prescrição de métodos auxiliares como a antibioticoterapia. No entanto o uso de antibióticos pode causar efeitos indesejáveis. Diante disso, ao longo dos últimos anos vem crescendo o interesse de estudos sobre o uso de probióticos no tratamento da periodontite, uma vez que estes são microrganismos vivos, ou seja, que quando ingeridas corretamente são benéficas à saúde. Diante disso o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura quanto ao uso de probióticos como adjuvante no tratamento da periodontite, onde foram avaliados diversos artigos científicos. Foi observado que o uso de probióticos como adjuvantes no tratamento periodontal é benéfico, no entanto, há a necessidade de realização de mais estudos para averiguação da eficiência do mesmo, assim como a necessidade deste uso ser mais conhecido pelos Cirurgiões dentistas(AU)

Periodontitis can be defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of a multifactorial nature associated with a dysbiotic biofilm. The standard treatment for periodontitis is Scaling and Root Planing (RAR, in Portuguese), however when there is the presence of deep pockets, areas with inaccessibility difficulties such as furcation lesion or specific microbiological profile, it can be necessary to prescribe auxiliary methods such as antibiotic therapy. However, the use of antibiotics can cause undesirable effects. In view of this, over the last few years, interest in studies on the use of probiotics in the treatment of periodontitis has been growing, since these are live microorganisms, that is, when ingested correctly they are beneficial to health. Therefore, the present article aimed to carry out a literature review regarding the use of probiotics as an adjuvant in the treatment of periodontitis, where several scientific articles were analyzed. It was observed that the use of probiotics as adjuvants in periodontal treatment is beneficial, however, there is a need to carry out more studies to investigate if it's really efficient, as well the dentists needs to be known about the right use(AU)

Antibiotics prescribing habits of Brazilian general dental practitioners during periodontal treatments / Hábitos de prescrição de antibióticos de dentistas brasileiros durante tratamentos periodontais

Introdução: O tratamento periodontal envolve procedimentos que visam reduzir a carga bacteriana, envolvendo ou não o uso de antibióticos locais ou sistêmicos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento dos cirurgiões-dentistas brasileiros sobre a prescrição de antibióticos durante o tratamento periodontal. Material e método: Foi disponibilizado um questionário online solicitando aplicação sistêmica de prescrição de antibióticos locais ou sistêmicos (frequência e sequência com tratamento periodontal mecânico) e em relação a diferentes doenças periodontais. A utilização de serviços de diagnóstico microbiano e dados demográficos dos voluntários também foram elucidados. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente (Teste Binomial, p<0,05). Resultado: Trezentos e noventa e três voluntários responderam ao questionário. Vinte e três por cento do sexo masculino e 76,2% do sexo feminino. A idade média foi de 27,7 anos. A minoria (19,2%) dos voluntários relatou indicar antibióticos sistêmicos para tratamento de gengivite ou periodontite estágios I e II (antiga periodontite crônica leve e moderada). A maioria dos profissionais indica para tratar abscesso periodontal, gengivite ou periodontite ulcerativa necrosante, periodontite em imunodeficiências graves, periodontite agressiva antiga e periodontite estágios III e IV (periodontite crônica grave antiga). Raramente (2,5%) a prescrição foi sem a associação com terapia mecânica. Os exames microbiológicos como método auxiliar de diagnóstico raramente (3,1%) são solicitados por falta de informação ou custo. As respostas mais frequentes sobre o número de vezes que os profissionais relataram prescrever antibióticos sistêmicos como parte do tratamento periodontal por trimestre foram "pelo menos uma vez", seguido de "2 vezes". Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que os cirurgiões-dentistas brasileiros possuem conhecimento sobre a correta prescrição de antibióticos na terapia periodontal

Introduction: Periodontal treatment involves procedures aimed to reduce bacterial load, involving or not the use of local or systemic antibiotics. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess Brazilian dentists' knowledge about antibiotics prescription during periodontal treatment. Material and method: An online questionnaire was available asking for systemic application of local or systemic antibiotics prescription (frequency, and sequence with mechanical periodontal treatment) and in relation to different periodontal diseases. The use of microbial diagnostic services and volunteers' demographic data were also elucidated. Data were statistically analyzed (Binomial Test, p<0.05). Result: Three hundred and ninety-three volunteers answered the questionnaire. Twenty-three percent males and 76.2% females. Average age was 27.7 years. Minority (19.2%) of the volunteers reported to indicate systemic antibiotics to treat gingivitis or periodontitis stages I and II (old slight and moderate chronic periodontitis). Majority of the professionals indicate it to treat periodontal abscess, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis or periodontitis, periodontitis in severe immunodeficiencies, old aggressive periodontitis, and periodontitis stages III and IV (old severe chronic periodontitis). Rarely (2.5%) the prescription was without the combination with mechanical therapy. Microbiological tests as an auxiliary diagnostic method are rarely (3.1%) requested due to lack of information or cost. Most frequent answers about the number of times professionals reported prescribing systemic antibiotics as part of periodontal treatment per trimester was "at least once", followed by "2 times". Conclusion: It can be concluded that Brazilian dentists have knowledge about the correct prescription of antibiotics in periodontal therapy

Evolución histórica de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la resistencia a los antimicrobianos / Historical evolution of World Health Organization guidelines on antimicrobial resistance / Evolução histórica da Organização Mundial da Saúde e a resistência aos antimicrobianos

RESUMEN Objetivo. Mostrar la evolución de los lineamientos sobre políticas públicas en salud enfocadas en farmacorresistencia microbiana o resistencia a los antimicrobianos (RAM) que la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha emitido desde 1948 hasta 2022. Además, se mencionan otras acciones gubernamentales relacionadas. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una revisión detallada de los archivos de la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud y el Consejo Ejecutivo de la OMS. Se realizó un análisis textual de resoluciones sobre la RAM, que dan pauta al diseño de políticas y acciones gubernamentales para los Estados Miembros de la OMS. También se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en SCOPUS, Pubmed y literatura gris con categoría de análisis: políticas públicas en salud sobre la RAM. Resultados. La RAM se ha convertido en la mayor amenaza para la salud pública, y compromete el cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. Presentamos resoluciones de la OMS como evidencia de lineamientos para combatir la RAM. En consonancia, se menciona el enfoque "Una salud", estrategias, iniciativas, planes y programas relacionados. Se identificó una brecha en la investigación y el desarrollo de antimicrobianos nuevos, que requiere un análisis más profundo. Conclusiones. La OMS ha realizado esfuerzos para combatir la RAM. Esto ha generado un desarrollo integral de políticas públicas en salud, para que los Estados Miembros las apliquen según la soberanía de sus gobiernos.

ABSTRACT Objective. Show the evolution of guidelines on public health policies focused on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) between 1948 and 2022. Other related government actions are also mentioned. Methods. A detailed review was conducted of World Health Assembly and WHO Executive Board archives. A textual analysis was conducted of AMR-related resolutions that guide the design of government policies and actions for WHO Member States. A systematic search was carried out in SCOPUS, PubMed, and grey literature under the category of public health policies on AMR. Results. AMR has become the greatest threat to public health, putting at risk the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. WHO resolutions are presented as evidence of guidelines to combat AMR. The One Health approach and related strategies, initiatives, plans, and programs are mentioned. A gap was identified in the research and development of new antimicrobials, requiring further analysis. Conclusions. WHO has made efforts to combat AMR. This has generated comprehensive development of public health policies to be implemented by the governments of Member States as they see fit.

RESUMO Objetivo. Apresentar a evolução das diretrizes sobre políticas públicas de saúde voltadas para a resistência microbiana a medicamentos ou resistência aos antimicrobianos (RAM) publicadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) de 1948 a 2022. Além disso, mencionam-se outras ações governamentais relacionadas. Métodos. Procedeu-se a uma revisão detalhada dos arquivos da Assembleia Mundial da Saúde e do Conselho Executivo da OMS. Realizou-se uma análise textual das resoluções sobre RAM, que orientam a formulação de políticas e ações governamentais para os Estados Membros da OMS. Fez-se também uma busca sistemática nas plataformas SCOPUS e Pubmed e na literatura cinzenta, com a categoria de análise "políticas públicas de saúde sobre RAM". Resultados. A RAM tornou-se a maior ameaça à saúde pública e prejudica o cumprimento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Apresentamos as resoluções da OMS como evidência de diretrizes para combater a RAM. Nesses termos, mencionam-se a abordagem "Saúde Única" e estratégias, iniciativas, planos e programas relacionados. Identificou-se uma lacuna na pesquisa e no desenvolvimento de novos antimicrobianos, o que requer uma análise mais aprofundada. Conclusões. A OMS envidou esforços para combater a RAM, o que levou ao desenvolvimento integral de políticas públicas de saúde a serem aplicadas pelos Estados Membros, em conformidade com a soberania de seus governos.

Resistencia antibiótica de Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus saprophyticus en la infección urinaria de un hospital público / Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus in urinary tract infection in a public hospital

La resistencia de antibióticos puede llegar a causar una amplia morbilidad y complicaciones. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana de Escherichia Coli y de Staphylococcus Saprophyticus, en pacientes con infección urinaria hospitalizados en el servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Municipal Los Olivos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se realizó en el servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Municipal los Olivos (HMLO). Participantes: historia clínica de pacientes hospitalizados con infección urinaria en el servicio de Medicina Interna. Intervenciones: Según los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se obtuvieron, 96 historias clínicas (HC) del año 2013. Se utilizó un instrumento de recolección validado. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo con software estadístico STATA versión 25. Resultados: De las 96 HC, la edad promedio fue 55,04 años, los agentes microbianos más frecuentes fueron: la Escherichia coli con 85,3%, Staphylococcus saprophyticus 4.2% y Klebsiella pneumoniae 3,1%. La prevalencia de productores de betalactamasa espectro extendido (BLEE) fue 10,4%. Los antibióticos más resistentes fueron: trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol 89,6%, ampicilina 86%, piperacilina 84,6%, tetraciclina 79,2% y ciprofloxacino 70,8%. Los antibióticos más sensibles fueron: amikacina 100%, imipenem 100%, ertapenem 98%, meropenem 96% y piperacilina/tazobactam 96%. Conclusión: El uropatógeno más frecuente en pacientes con ITU hospitalizados fue la E. coli. Los antibióticos que presentaron resistencia a la E. coli fueron: trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol, ampicilina, piperacilina, tetraciclina y ciprofloxacino, y para el S. Saprophyticus fueron: amoxicilina/ ácido clavulánico, trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol, ceftriaxona y ciprofloxacino(AU)

Resistance to antibiotics may actually cause extensive morbidity and complications. Objective: To determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, in patients with urinary infection hospitalized in the Internal Medicine service of the Los Olivos Municipal Hospital. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study. It was carried out in the Internal Medicine service of the Los Olivos Municipal Hospital (HMLO). Participants: clinical history of hospitalized patients with urinary infection in the Internal Medicine service. Interventions: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 96 clinical records (HC) from 2013 were obtained. A validated collection instrument was used. Descriptive analysis was performed with STATA version 25 statistical software. Results: Of the 96 CHs, the average age was 55.04 years, the most frequent microbial agents were: Escherichia Coli with 85.3%, Staphylococcus saprophyticus 4.2% and Klebsiella pneumoniae 3.1%. The prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers (ESBL) was 10.4%. The most resistant antibiotics were trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole 89.6 %, ampicillin 86 %, piperacillin 84.6 %, tetracycline 79.2 % and ciprofloxacin 70.8 %. The most sensitive antibiotics were: amikacin 100%, imipenem 100%, ertapenem 98%, meropenem 96% and piperacillin / tazobactam 96%. Conclusion: The most common uropathogen in hospitalized UTI patients was E. coli. The antibiotics that showed resistance to E. coli were: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, piperacillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin, and for S. saprophyticus they were: amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin(AU)

Caracterización clínico-patológica y manejo de pacientes con mastitis granulomatosa crónica en un centro de alta complejidad / Clinicopathological characterization and management of patients with chronic granulomatous mastitis in a high complexity center

Introducción. La mastitis granulomatosa crónica es una enfermedad inflamatoria poco frecuente y con mayor incidencia en el sexo femenino. Su sintomatología y su presentación clínica causan gran ansiedad tanto en el paciente como en el personal médico, debido a su comportamiento similar al de la patología mamaria maligna. No hay una etiología clara ni un manejo terapéutico definido. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características clínico-patológicas, el tratamiento y la evolución de las pacientes con mastitis granulomatosa, durante el periodo de estudio. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo en el que se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico y manejo de trastorno inflamatorio de la mama no especificado (N61X), entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2019. Se encontraron 236 pacientes, se excluyeron 176 por no cumplir con el diagnóstico de mastitis granulomatosa crónica o por no tener un seguimiento adecuado. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y de evolución, comparando la respuesta que se obtuvo con cada tratamiento. Resultados. Se incluyeron 60 pacientes femeninas que presentaron manifestaciones variadas. El 38,3 % (n=23) recibieron manejo antibiótico, el 30 % (n=18) fue tratado con corticoides, el 8,3 % (n=5) recibió antibióticos más corticoides y se realizó manejo expectante en el 16,6 % (n=10). El 6,6 % (n=4) de los pacientes fueron llevados a cirugía. Discusión. La mejor respuesta y la menor tasa de recidiva se encontró en las pacientes que fueron sometidas a observación y en aquellas que recibieron corticoides

Introduction. Chronic granulomatous mastitis is a rare inflammatory disease with a higher incidence in females. Its symptoms and its clinical presentation cause great anxiety both in the patient and in the medical personnel, due to its behavior similar to that of malignant breast disease. There is no clear etiology or defined therapeutic management. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical-pathological characteristics, treatment and evolution of the patients with granulomatous mastitis, during the study period. Methods. Retrospective study in which the medical records of patients with diagnosis and management of unspecified inflammatory disorder of the breast (N61X) were reviewed, between January 2010 and December 2019. Two-hundred-thirty-six patients were found, 176 were excluded for not complying with the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous mastitis or for not having an adequate follow-up. The sociodemographic, clinical and evolution characteristics were evaluated, comparing the response obtained with each treatment. Results. Sixty female patients who presented varied manifestations were included, of which 38.3% (n=23) received antibiotic treatment, 30% (n=18) were treated with steroids, 8.3% (n=5) received antibiotics plus steroids, expectant management was performed in 16, 6% (n = 10), and 6.6% (n=4) of the patients were taken to surgery.Discussion. The best response and the lowest recurrence rate were found in patients who were observed and in those who received steroids

Cambios en las prescripciones y el consumo de antimicrobianos, luego de la implementación de recomendaciones de uso: experiencia en un hospital universitario / Changes in prescriptions and antibiotic consumption after the implementation of recommendations for use: experience in a university hospital

Resumen Introduccion: Actualmente cerca de la mitad de las prescripciones de antimicrobianos son inadecuadas, lo que aumenta la resistencia bacteriana. Tanto cefalosporinas como fluoroquinolonas se asocian con este fenomeno: aumento de bacterias productoras de β-lactamasas e infecciones por Clostridioides difficile, por lo que las agencias reguladoras buscan racionalizar su uso. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de recomendaciones para el uso adecuado de antimicrobianos en la proporcion de prescripciones inadecuadas de ceftriaxona y fluoroquinolonas. Metodologia: Se desarrollo un estudio de antes y despues, prospectivo e intervencional, que comparo la calidad y la cantidad de uso de ceftriaxona y fluoroquinolonas antes y despues de la implementacion de recomendaciones de uso para tratamientos de enfermedades infecciosas adquiridas en la comunidad. Los parametros medidos fueron: proporcion de prescripciones inadecuadas y DDD. Los datos se analizaron por medio del test de χ2, correccion de Fisher y test de Student. Resultados: Se evaluaron 206 pacientes, observandose una disminucion de 35% en las prescripciones inadecuadas, una reduccion del consumo de ceftriaxona y levofloxacina y un aumento significativo de la utilizacion de ampicilina/sulbactam. Conclusiones: La implementacion de recomendaciones de uso basadas en evidencia cientifica y susceptibilidad local, permitieron disminuir la proporcion de prescripciones inadecuadas y reducir el consumo de ceftriaxona y fluoroquinolonas.

Background: Nowadays about half of antibiotic prescriptions are inadequate, increasing bacterial resistance. Both cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are associated with this phenomenon: increase of β-lactamase producing bacteria and Clostridioides difficile infections, which is why regulatory agencies seek to rationalize their use. Aim: To evaluate the effect of use recommendations on the proportion of inadequate prescriptions of ceftriaxone and fluoroquinolones. Methods: A prospective and interventional study was developed, comparing the quality and quantity of use of ceftriaxone and fluoroquinolones before and after the implementation of use recommendations for treatments of infectious diseases acquired at the community. The outcomes were: proportion of inadequate prescriptions and defined daily dose (DDD). Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, Fisher's correction and Student's test. Results: A total of 206 patients were evaluated, a 35% decrease in inadequate prescriptions, a decline in the consumption of ceftriaxone and levofloxacin, and a significant increase in the use of ampicillin/ sulbactam was observed. Conclusions: The implementation of use recommendations based on scientific evidence and local susceptibility allowed to reduce the proportion of inadequate prescriptions and to reduce de consumption of ceftriaxone and fluoroquinolones.

Perfil e adequação do uso de antibacterianos em crianças internadas em hospital geral no sul do brasil / Profile and appropriate use of antibiotics among children in a general hospital in southern brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar o perfil e a adequabilidade do uso de antibacterianos em crianças hospitalizadas. Métodos: Estudo transversal. Foi feita a análise de todas as crianças que utilizaram antibacterianos durante a internação de janeiro a dezembro de 2015, em um hospital filantrópico de direito privado de grande porte no sul do Brasil. As informações foram obtidas por revisão dos prontuários e incluíram dados demográficos (idade, sexo, raça e peso corporal) e clínicos (motivo da internação, uso deantibacterianos e desfecho clínico). Utilizou-se estatística descritiva. Resultados: Dos 318 pacientes incluídos, 61,3% eram do sexo masculino. A faixa etária variou de 2 a 11 anos (média: 5,8±2,9 anos de idade). A prevalência do uso de antibacterianos foi de 24,4% considerando o total de 1.346 crianças que foram hospitalizadas. O tempo de internação apresentou mediana de quatro dias. O principal motivo de internação foi clínico e o antibacteriano mais prescrito foi a cefazolina, sendo a via intravenosa predominante. Em relação ao uso de antibacterianos, 62,2% apresentaram prescrições de antibacterianos consideradas adequadas. A subdosagem e a superdosagem tiveram, respectivamente, os valores de 11,7 e 14,6% dos pacientes incluídos. Quanto aos intervalos de administração, 8% foram caracterizados com intervalos longos e 3,5%, curtos. Conclusões: Apesar de a prevalência encontrada do uso de antibacterianos nas crianças hospitalizadas não ser tão elevada, parte considerável da amostra apresentou inadequabilidade quanto ao uso desse tipo de medicamento, se considerados a dose e o intervalo de utilização. Esses dados são motivo de preocupação para o desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana e ocorrência de reações adversas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the profile and appropriate use of antibiotics among hospitalized children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with children who had taken antibiotics during hospitalization in a private philanthropic hospital in Southern Brazil, from January to December 2015. The data were obtained by reviewing medical records, encompassing demographic data (age, gender, ethnicity, and body weight) and clinical data (causes of hospitalization, use of antibiotics, and clinical outcome). Descriptive statistics was used to present the data. Results: Of the 318 participants included in the study, 61.3% were male patients. The age range varied between 2 and 11 years, with mean age of 5.8±2.9 years. The prevalence of antibiotics was 24.4% out of the 1,346 hospitalized children. Median hospital stay was four days. The main cause of hospitalization was clinical instability, and the most commonly prescribed antibiotics was Cefazolin, mostly administered intravenously. Regarding the administration of antibiotics, 62.2% were adequately prescribed, even though underdose was 11.7%, and overdose was 14.6% in the studied patients. Antibiotic administration intervals were characterized as long in 8% of cases, and short in 3.5% of cases. Conclusions: Although the prevalence of antibiotics among hospitalized children was not that high, a considerable part of the sample presented inadequacy regarding the dosage and range of use. These data raise concerns about bacterial resistance and adverse reactions.

Facial antibioma formation: a case report

Odontogenic infections are associated with a variety of microorganisms. antibiotics are commonly used for the management of various dental infections and have a proven role in decreasing morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases. the frequent and over usage of antibiotics has been associated with a number of consequences such as the selection of drug resistant strains, and the formation of antibiomas. antibiomas are characterized by the formation of a localized pathology surrounded by thick fibrous tissues in response to long term antibiotics use. an established antibioma is characterized by a tough fibrous swelling accompanied by painful or painless swelling, intermittent fever and constitutional symptoms. in this article, we are reporting the case of a facial antibioma formed due to prolonged use of antibiotics prescribed for a residual periapical infection following endodontic treatment. in addition, the association of using antibiotics in this context is discussed.

Peritonsillar and deep neck infections: a review of 330 cases / Infecções peritonsilares e cervicais profundas: revisão de 330 casos

Abstract Introduction: Deep neck infections are defined as suppurative infectious processes of deep visceral spaces of the neck. Objective: The aim of this study is to review different factors that may influence peritonsillar and deep neck infections and may play a role as bad prognosis predictors. Methods: We present a retrospective study of 330 patients with deep neck infections and peritonsillar infections who were admitted between January 2005 and December 2015 in a tertiary referral hospital. Statistical analysis of comorbidities, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects was performed with Excel and SPSS. Results: There has been an increase in incidence of peritonsilar and deep neck infections. Systemic comorbidities such as diabetes or hepatopathy are bad prognosis factors. The most common pathogen was S. viridans (32.1% of positive cultures). 100% of the patients received antibiotics and corticosteroids, 74.24% needed surgical treatment. The most common complications were mediastinitis (1.2%) and airway obstruction (0.9%). Conclusion: Systemic comorbidities are bad prognosis predictors. Nowadays mortality has decreased thanks to multidisciplinary attention and improvements in diagnosis and treatment.

Resumo Introdução: Infecções cervicais profundas são definidas como processos infecciosos supurativos dos espaços viscerais profundos do pescoço. Objetivo: Analisar diferentes fatores que podem influenciar as infecções peritonsilares e cervicais profundas que podem desempenhar um papel como preditores de mau prognóstico. Método: Apresentamos um estudo retrospectivo de 330 pacientes portadores de infecções cervicais profundas e de infecções peritonsilares admitidos entre janeiro de 2005 e dezembro de 2015 em um hospital terciário de referência. A análise estatística de comorbidades, aspectos diagnósticos e terapêuticos foi realizada utilizando-se os programas Excel e o SPSS. Resultados: Houve um aumento na incidência de infecções peritonsilares e infecções cervicais profundas. Comorbidades sistêmicas como diabetes ou doença hepática são fatores de mau prognóstico. O patógeno mais comum foi S. viridans (32,1% das culturas positivas). 100% dos pacientes receberam antibióticos e corticosteroides, e 74,24% necessitaram de tratamento cirúrgico. As complicações mais comuns foram mediastinite (1,2%) e obstrução das vias aéreas (0,9%). Conclusão: Comorbidades sistêmicas são preditores de mau prognóstico. Atualmente, a mortalidade diminuiu graças ao cuidado multidisciplinar e melhorias no diagnóstico e tratamento.

Eficacia de terapia concomitante sin bismuto en la erradicación de Helicobacter pylori en Chile: estudio prospectivo / Efficacy of non-bismuth concomitant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in Chile: a prospective study

Standard triple therapy (TT), used massively as first-line empirical therapy for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication, has shown a progressive decrease in its effectiveness, probably due to increasing resistance to clarithromycin. Recent studies in Chile show eradication under 90%, a limit suggested as adequate efficacy. The so-called concomitant therapy (CT) comprising a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole is the non-bismuth first-line therapy most recommended in current guidelines. However, we have no local data to assess the effectiveness of this regimen. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of CT in a group of patients controlled at a private health center in Santiago, Chile. Patients received 40 mg esomeprazole, 1 g amoxicillin, 500 mg clarithromycin and 500 mg metronidazole, every 12 hours, for 14 days. Sixty-six patients were included, of these patients, 36 returned to control. CT was successful in 33/36 patients, corresponding to 92% (95% CI: 82.5-100%, per protocol analysis). The frequency of significant side effects was 25% (mainly diarrhea and abdominal pain) and only one patient discontinued the treatment. In conclusion, 14-days CT therapy is effective to eradicate H. pylori and could be recommended as first-line empirical regimen, at least in the studied population segment and geographical area. Additional studies are necessary to confirm its efficacy in other socioeconomic and/or geographical settings.

La terapia triple estándar (TT), utilizada masivamente como terapia de primera línea empírica para erradicación de Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) ha mostrado una progresiva disminución de su efectividad, probablemente por resistencia creciente a claritromicina. Los últimos estudios en Chile muestran erradicación bajo 90%, límite sugerido como eficacia adecuada. Esto ha motivado la búsqueda de esquemas alternativos más eficaces, siendo la así llamada terapia concomitante (TC), que consiste en un inhibidor de la bomba de protones, amoxicilina, claritromicina y metronidazol, el esquema sin bismuto más recomendado en guías clínicas recientes. Sin embargo, no contamos con datos locales que evalúen su efectividad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar prospectivamente la efectividad de TC en un grupo de pacientes controlados en un centro de salud privado de Santiago de Chile. Los pacientes recibieron esomeprazol 40 mg, amoxicilina 1 g, claritromicina 500 mg y metronidazol 500 mg cada 12 h, por 14 días. Se incluyeron 66 pacientes, de los cuales 36 volvieron a control. La TC fue exitosa en 33/36 pacientes, correspondientes al 92% (IC 95%: 82,5-100%; análisis por protocolo). La frecuencia de efectos colaterales significativos fue 25% (principalmente diarrea y dolor abdominal) y sólo un paciente suspendió el tratamiento por esta causa. En conclusión, la TC por 14 días es efectiva para erradicar H. pylori, al menos en el segmento poblacional y área geográfica estudiados y es un esquema empírico que pudiera recomendarse como primera línea en nuestro medio, aunque se requiere confirmar su eficacia en otros grupos poblacionales.

Assessment of an intervention aimed at early discontinuation of intravenous antimicrobial therapy in a Brazilian University hospital

Abstract Many interventions demonstrate success in adapting the duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy, but few studies have been conducted in developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention in the induction of early discontinuation of intravenous antimicrobial therapy and/or its switch to oral therapy. The study employed a before–after intervention design that consisted of displaying a message in the computerized prescription on the third day and suspension of the prescription on the fifth day of intravenous antimicrobial therapy. A total of 465 patients were followed during the control period (CP) and 440 in the intervention period (IP). The intravenous therapy was switched to oral therapy for 11 (2.4%) patients during the CP and 25 (5.7%) in the IP (p = 0.011), and was discontinued for 82 (17.6%) patients during the CP and 106 (24.1%) in the IP (p = 0.017). During the IP there was a significant increase of patients who had their antimicrobial treatment discontinued before the seventh day of intravenous treatment, 37.40% (49/131) in the IP and 16.13% (15/93) in the CP (p = 0.0005). The duration of intravenous antimicrobial therapy decreased by one day, but it was not significant (p = 0.136). It is concluded that the proposed intervention is effective in promoting the early discontinuation of antimicrobial treatment and/or switch to oral therapy. As long as a computerized system for prescription already exists, it is easy and inexpensive to be implemented, especially in hospitals in developing countries.

Uso adecuado de antibióticos en pacientes con exacerbaciones de EPOC atendidos en un hospital de Medellín, Colombia / Appropriate use of antibiotics in patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treated in a hospital at Medellín, Colombia / Uso adequado de antibióticos em pacientes com exacerbações de EPOC atendidos num hospital de Medellín, Colômbia

Objetivo: evaluar la adherencia a las guías de uso de antibióticos en pacientes con EPOC exacerbada y explorar la asociación entre dicha prescripción y los desenlaces clínicos. Métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo con pacientes admitidos entre el 1 de enero del 2010 y el 31 de diciembre del 2012 con diagnóstico de EPOC. Se registraron variables sociodemográficas, clasificación espirométrica, uso de oxígeno domiciliario, exacerbaciones en el último año, uso reciente de antibióticos, necesidad de ventilación mecánica, vacunación previa, comorbilidades, presentación clínica, indicación para el uso de antibióticos, tratamiento y estado al alta. Resultados: de 419 pacientes 59 % (n = 247) eran mujeres, la mediana de la edad fue de 76 años, 61,8 % tenían diagnóstico clínico, 74,7 % tenían instaurado algún tratamiento ambulatorio y 11 % habían sido tratados anteriormente para exacerbación de EPOC. De 170 pacientes con indicación para el uso de antibióticos hubo prescripción en 140 (82 %), mientras que se les formularon a 118 (47,4 %) de los 249 que no cumplían ningún criterio para el uso de los mismos. Se encontró una mayor tasa de mortalidad en el grupo que requería antibióticos. Conclusiones: se observó un aceptable nivel de adherencia a las guías en el uso de antibióticos en los casos indicados. Sin embargo, el porcentaje de pacientes a los que se les prescribieron antibióticos innecesariamente parece ser mayor de lo esperado y amerita investigación adicional.

Objective: to evaluate the adherence to clinical guidelines for appropriate use of antibiotics in patients with COPD exacerbations, and to explore the association between this prescription and clinical outcomes. Methods: a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted with COPD diagnosis between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2012. The following variables were recorded: socio-demographic characteristics, spirometric classification, oxygen use at home, number of exacerbations in the previous year, recent antibiotic use, previous need for mechanical ventilation, previous vaccination, comorbidities, clinical presentation, antibiotic use indications and vital status. Results: 419 patients were included, 59 % (n = 247) were women, median age was 76 years, 62 % had clinical diagnosis, 75 % had an established outpatient management and 11 % had been previously treated for exacerbation of COPD. Out of 170 patients with any indication for using antibiotics the latter were prescribed in 140 (82 %), while 118 (47 %) of 249 patients with no criterion for their use received them. Mortality rate was higher in the group with indications for antibiotics. Conclusions: an acceptable level of adherence to guidelines was observed in the use of antibiotics when indicated. However, the percentage of patients in whom antibiotics were unnecessarily prescribed seems to be larger than expected and demands further investigation.

Objetivo: avaliar a aderência às guias de uso de antibióticos em pacientes com EPOC exacerbada e explorar a associação entre dita prescrição e os desenlaces clínicos. Métodos: estudo de coorte retrospectivo com pacientes admitidos entre o dia 1º de janeiro de 2010 e 31 de dezembro de 2012 com diagnóstico de EPOC. Se registraram variáveis sócio-demográficas, classificação espirométrica, uso de oxigeno domiciliário, exacerbações no último ano, uso recente de antibióticos, necessidade de ventilação mecânica, vacinação prévia, comorbilidades, apresentação clínica, indicação para o uso de antibióticos, tratamento e estado à alta. Resultados: de 419 pacientes 59 % (n = 247) eram mulheres, a média da idade foi de 76 anos, 62 % tinham diagnóstico clínico, 75 % tinham instaurado algum tratamento ambulatório e 11 % haviam sido tratados anteriormente para exacerbação de EPOC. De 170 pacientes com indicação para o uso de antibióticos houve prescrição em 140 (82 %), enquanto que se lhes formularam a 118 (47 %) dos 249 que não cumpriam nenhum critério para o uso dos mesmos. Se encontrou uma maior taxa de mortalidade no grupo que requeria antibióticos. Conclusões: se observou um aceitável nível de aderência às guias no uso de antibióticos nos casos indicados. Embora, a porcentagem de pacientes aos que se prescreveram antibióticos desnecessariamente parece ser maior do esperado e merece investigação adicional.

Uso de antibióticos sistêmicos adjuntos à raspagem e alisamento radicular no tratamento da periodontite crônica e periodontite agressiva: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Use of systemic antibiotics as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis and agressive periodontitis: an integrative review

A periodontite é uma doença inflamatória crônica que atinge os tecidos de suporte dos dentes. O tratamento padrão consiste na redução do biofilme subgengival através da raspagem e alisamento corono-radicular associada às medidas de higiene oral. Entretanto, em indivíduos com periodontite agressiva ou periodontite crônica severa, pode ser necessário associar antibióticos ao tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico para que ocorra uma melhora significativa dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais, tais como profundidade de sondagem e nível de inserção clínica. O objetivo desta revisão integrativa da literatura foi avaliar as estratégias terapêuticas antimicrobianas indicadas no tratamento das periodontites crônica severa e agressiva. A busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados Pubmed e Scopus. Os descritores utilizados foram: “Chronic Periodontitis” AND “Agressive periodontitis” AND “periodontal debridement” OR “Dental Scaling” AND “Root Planing” AND “Anti-bacterial Agents” OR “Anti-infective Agents”.Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos em humanos, randomizados, controlados, duplo ou triplo cegos, em inglês, publicados entre janeiro de 2010 e março de 2015. Os resultados demonstraram que apesar do uso adjunto de antimicrobianos à raspagem e alisamento radicular, principalmente a associação de Amoxicilina com Metronidazol, ser eficiente na melhora das condições periodontais, há uma grande heterogeneidade em relação às doses e o tempo de seguimento dos antibióticos indicados em Periodontia. Também há dúvidas sobre o momento certo de iniciar a terapia medicamentosa. Dessa forma, há a necessidade de elaboração de protocolo (s) clínico (s) para o uso de antibióticos sistêmicos adjuntos ao tratamento periodontal

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the supporting tissues of the teeth. The periodontal treatment consists of modifying the subgingival biofilm by scaling and root planing associated with changes in oral habits. These procedures are sufficient in order to reach an adequate control of the disease in most patients. However, in patients with advanced periodontitis or chronic periodontitis, it is necessary to combine antibiotics to non-surgical periodontal treatment to improve clinical periodontal parameters such as probing depth and clinical attachment level. Thus, the objective of the research was to evaluate the anti-infective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of advanced chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis. It is an integrative literature review. The articles were obtained from PubMed and Scopus databases. The keywords used in the search were “Chronic Periodontitis “AND” Aggressive periodontitis “AND” periodontal debridement “OR” Dental Scaling” AND “Root planing” AND” Anti -bacterial Agents” OR” Anti-infective Agents”. Controlled, randomized, double or triple blind clinical trials in humans, published between January 2010 and March 2015, were included. The results show that the adjunctive use of antibiotics to scaling and root planning, mostly the combination of amoxicillin plus metronidazole, was very effective in improving periodontal conditions, however it lacks optimum dose definition, duration of therapy and the best moment of antibiotic administration.In conclusion, a clinical protocol for the use of systemic antibiotics as an adjunct to periodontal treatment should be developed.

Controversias en el manejo de la de colitis ulcerosa grave en Chile / Controversies in the management of severe ulcerative colitis in Chile

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammation in the mucosa layer of the colon characterized by activity and remitting episodes of varying severity and extension. Most of the flares are mild to moderate. They require outpatient treatment and have a good prognosis. The severe crises can have a high mortality if not treated on time. The success of the therapy depends on a multidisciplinary team.

La colitis ulcerosa en una inflamación crónica de la mucosa del intestino grueso que se caracteriza por episodios de actividad y remisiones de gravedad y extensión variable. La mayoría de las crisis son leves a moderadas, requieren tratamiento ambulatorio y son de buen pronóstico. Las crisis graves pueden llegar a tener una alta mortalidad si no son tratadas a tiempo. El éxito de la terapia depende de un equipo multidisciplinario.

Factors associated with Clostridium difficile diarrhea in a hospital in Beijing, China

Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea in patients treated with antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, and other drugs that alter the normal equilibrium of the intestinal flora. A better understanding of the risk factors for C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD) could be used to reduce the incidence of CDAD and the costs associated with its treatment. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for CDAD in a cohort of Chinese patients in a Beijing hospital. Medical charts of a total of 130 inpatients (62 males and 68 females) with hospital-acquired diarrhea (45 with CDAD; 85 without CDAD) were retrospectively reviewed. C. difficile toxins A and B were detected in fecal samples using enzyme-linked fluorescence assays. The drugs used by patients with and without CDAD before the onset of diarrhea were compared. Factors that differed significantly between the two groups by univariate analysis were analyzed by multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model. Multivariate analysis showed that cephalosporin treatment was associated with a significantly higher risk of CDAD in hospitalized patients, while treatment with glycopeptides was significantly associated with a reduction in CDAD (P<0.001 for cephalosporin; P=0.013 for glycopeptides). Our data confirmed previous findings that empirical treatment with cephalosporins is positively associated with CDAD compared to individuals using other CDAD-related drugs. Additionally, we showed that treatment with glycopeptides was negatively associated with CDAD, compared to individuals using other CDAD-related drugs.

Necrotizing fasciitis: eight-year experience and literature review

OBJECTIVES: To describe clinical, laboratory, microbiological features, and outcomes of necrotizing fasciitis. METHODS: From January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2011, 115 patients (79 males, 36 females) diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis were admitted to Mackay Memorial Hospital in Taitung. Demographic data, clinical features, location of infection, type of comorbidities, microbiology and laboratory results, and outcomes of patients were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Among 115 cases, 91 survived (79.1%) and 24 died (20.9%). There were 67 males (73.6%) and 24 females (26.4%) with a median age of 54 years (inter-quartile ranges, 44.0-68.0 years) in the survival group; and 12 males (50%) and 12 females (50%) with a median age of 61 years (inter-quartile ranges, 55.5-71.5 years) in the non-surviving group. The most common symptoms were local swelling/erythema, fever, pain/tenderness in 92 (80%), 87 (76%) and 84 (73%) patients, respectively. The most common comorbidies were liver cirrhosis in 54 patients (47%) and diabetes mellitus in 45 patients (39%). A single organism was identified in 70 patients (61%), multiple pathogens were isolated in 20 patients (17%), and no microorganism was identified in 30 patients (26%). The significant risk factors were gender, hospital length of stay, and albumin level. DISCUSSION: Necrotizing fasciitis, although not common, can cause notable rates of morbidity and mortality. It is important to have a high index of suspicion and increase awareness in view of the paucity of specific cutaneous findings early in the course of the disease. Prompt diagnosis and early operative debridement with adequate antibiotics are vital. .

Estudo do perfil de resistência antimicrobiana das infecções urinárias em mulheres atendidas em hospital terciário / Study of antimicrobial resistance profile of urinary tract infections in women attended at a tertiary hospital

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As infecções do trato urinário (ITU) representam significativa morbidade na população e elevados custos nos cuidados de saúde, sendo cada vez mais comum o isolamento de cepas resistentes em pacientes não internados.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência e o perfil de resistência antimicrobiana dos uropatógenos que acometeram mulheres na cidade de Vitória, ES. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo, baseado nos arquivos da microbiologia do hospital Universitário da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória (HSCMV), no período de novembro de 2007 a março de 2010. Foram incluídas todas as uroculturas, sem limite de idade, oriundas da demanda ambulatorial. RESULTADOS: Foram analisadas 5564 uroculturas, sendo 585(10,5%) positivas, 4440 (79,8%) negativas e 539 (9,7%) contaminadas.Houve diferença significativa na média de idade do grupo com resultado positivo (43,62) e negativo (40,04), mas não houve diferença de média de idade quando se relacionou idade e micro-organismo isolado. Os uropatógenos mais comumente isolados foram: E. coli (69,9%), Klebsiela pneumoniae (6%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (5,1%) e Proteus mirabilis (3,1%). O antibiótico que apresentou o maior índice de resistência, tanto para E. Coli (44%),quanto para os demais micro-organismos (16,6%), foi a ampicilina. Observou-se, ainda, tendência significativa de resistência da E.Coli ao ciprofloxacino ao longo dos meses estudados.CONCLUSÃO: Este tipo de monitoramento constitui importante ferramenta na escolha antibiótica empírica segura e eficaz, de forma a evitar erro terapêutico, diminuindo a morbimortalidade,os custos e o desenvolvimento de multirresistência bacteriana.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The infection of the urinary tract (ITU) represents significant morbidity in the population, and elevated costs in health care, with the isolation of resistant strains in nonhospitalized patients being increasingly more common. Our goal was to evaluate the frequency and the profile of antimicrobial resistance of uropathogens that affected women in the city of Vitoria, in the state of Espírito Santo. METHOD: Retrospective study based on the archives of microbiology from the University Hospital of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória (HSCMV), ES, from November 2007 to March 2010. All urocultures from outpatient's were included, with no limit of age. RESULTS: We analyzed 5564 urocultures, with 585 (10.5%) being positive, 4440 (79.8%) negative and 539 (9.7%) contaminated. There was significant difference in the mean age in the group with positive results (43.62) compared to the negative group (40.04), but there was no difference of mean age when age and microorganism isolated were compared. The more common isolated uropathogens were: E.coli (69.9%) Klebsiela pneumoniae (6%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (5.1%), and Proteus mirabilis (3.1%). The antibiotics that presented the higher level of resistance, both for E.coli (44%) and for the other microorganisms (16.6%), was ampicillin. A significant tendency for resistance was also observed of E.coli to ciprofloxacin through the months of the study. CONCLUSION: This type of monitoring is an important toolw hen choosing empirical antibiotics that are safe and efficient, inorder to avoid therapeutic error, decrease morbimortality, costs, and the development of bacterial multiresistance.

Osteomyelitis: an overview of antimicrobial therapy

Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory bone disorder caused by infection, leading to necrosis and destruction of bone. It can affect all ages, involve any bone, become a chronic disease and cause persistent morbidity. Treatment of osteomyelitis is challenging particularly when complex multiresistant bacterial biofilm has already been established. Bacteria in biofilm persist in a low metabolic phase, causing persistent infection due to increased resistance to antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are the most common causative organism responsible for more than 50% of osteomyelitis cases. Osteomyelitis treatment implies the administration of high doses of antibiotics (AB) by means of endovenous and oral routes and should take a period of at least 6 weeks. Local drug delivery systems, using non-biodegradable (polymethylmethacrylate) or biodegradable and osteoactive materials such as calcium orthophosphates bone cements, have been shown to be promising alternatives for the treatment of osteomyelitis. These systems allow the local delivery of AB in situ with bactericidal concentrations for long periods of time and without the toxicity associated with other means of administration. This review examines the most recent literature evidence on the causes, pathogeneses and pharmacological treatment of osteomyelitis. The study methodology consisted of a literature review in Google Scholar, Science Direct, Pubmed, Springer link, B-on. Papers from 1979 till present were reviewed and evaluated.

A osteomielite é um processo inflamatório do tecido ósseo, de origem infecciosa, que resulta em destruição inflamatória, necrose e formação de novo osso. Pode aparecer em qualquer idade, afetar qualquer osso e tornar-se uma doença crônica com morbidade persistente. Apesar dos progressos na quimioterapia infecciosa, o tratamento da osteomielite é caro e difícil, em particular quando associada à presença de biofilmes bacterianos, especialmente de Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus epidermidis. O tratamento da osteomielite inclui a administração de doses elevadas de antibióticos (AB) por via endovenosa e oral, durante um período de pelo menos 6 semanas. Os sistemas de veiculação localizada de fármacos, utilizando materiais não biodegradáveis (polimetilmetacrilato) ou biodegradáveis e osteoativos como os cimentos ósseos de ortofosfatos de cálcio e vidro bioativo, surgiram como uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento da osteomielite. Estes sistemas permitem a veiculação de AB in situ com concentrações bactericidas por longos períodos de tempo e sem a toxicidade associada às outras vias de administração. O presente trabalho propõe uma revisão da literatura relativa às causas, à patogenia e ao tratamento farmacológico da osteomielite. A metodologia do estudo da revisão consistiu numa pesquisa bibliográfica, nas bases de dados Google Scholar, Science Direct, Pubmed, Springer link, B-on. Foram revistos e analisados diversos artigos publicados desde o ano de 1979.

Comparison of clinical characteristics between healthcare-associated pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia in patients admitted to secondary hospitals

BACKGROUND: Since healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) is heterogeneous, clinical characteristics and outcomes are different from region to region. There can also be differences between HCAP patients hospitalized in secondary or tertiary hospitals. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of HCAP patients admitted into secondary community hospitals. METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted in patients with HCAP or community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) hospitalized in two secondary hospitals between March 2009 and January 2011. RESULTS: Of a total of 303 patients, 96 (31.7%) had HCAP. 42 patients (43.7%) resided in a nursing home or long-term care facility, 36 (37.5%) were hospitalized in an acute care hospital for > 2 days within 90 days, ten received outpatient intravenous therapy, and eight attended a hospital clinic or dialysis center. HCAP patients were older. The rates of patients with CURB65 scores of 3 or more (22.9% vs. 9.1%; p = 0.001) and PSI class IV or more (82.2% vs. 34.7%; p < 0.001) were higher in the HCAP group. Drug-resistant pathogens were more frequently detected in the HCAP group (23.9% vs. 0.4%; p < 0.001). However, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen in both groups. The rates of antibiotic change, use of inappropriate antibiotics, and failure of initial antibiotic therapy in the HCAP group were significantly higher. Although the overall survival rate of the HCAP group was significantly lower (82.3% vs. 96.8%; p < 0.001), multivariate analyses failed to show that HCAP itself was a prognostic factor for mortality (p = 0.826). Only PSI class IV or more was associated with increased mortality (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: HCAP should be distinguished from CAP because of the different clinical features. However, the current definition of HCAP does not appear to be a prognostic for death. In addition, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for HCAP should be reassessed because S. pneumoniae was most frequently identified even in HCAP patients.