Evaluation of proactive therapeutic drug monitoring application in infliximab users in ulcerative colitis

Objective: To evaluate the application of proactive pro-drug therapy (TDM) at week six in users of infliximab therapy in ulcerative colitis patients and to analyze the need for further disease optimization. Method: This is a retrospective analysis that will be carried out simultaneously at the Hospital de Clínicas de Passo Fundo and at the Endoclin Diagnostic Center in the city of Passo Fundo, with secondary data collection between January 2020 and May 2022. The sample included patients from both sexes, regardless of age, who are being followed up in the services mentioned above, by signing the informed Free and Clarified Consent Term. Results: 63.2% of patients required optimization of their treatment based on the serum level assessment at week six. Conclusion: Proactive TDM performed at week six benefits patients in order to complete indications for treatment to avoid lack of drug response and complications from the disease. (AU)

Colite microscópica: considerações para gastroenterologistas, endoscopistas e patologistas / Microscopic colitis: considerations for gastroenterologists, endoscopists, and pathologists

ABSTRACT Microscopic colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by non-bloody diarrhea that can range from mild to severe. It is difficult to attribute up to 10-20% of chronic diarrhea to microscopic colitis. The three determinants factors of the diagnosis are characteristic clinical symptoms, normal endoscopic picture of the colon, and pathognomonic histological picture. This manuscript aimed to update considerations and recommendations for professionals involved (gastroenterologist, endoscopists and pathologist) in the diagnosis of MC. In addition, a short recommendation about treatment.

RESUMO A colite microscópica é uma doença intestinal inflamatória crônica caracterizada por diarreia não sanguinolenta que pode variar de leve a grave. Atribui-se que cerca de 10-20% das diarreias crônicas são devidas à colite microscópica. Os três fatores determinantes para o diagnóstico são sintomas clínicos característicos, quadro endoscópico normal do cólon e quadro histológico patognomônico. Este manuscrito tem como objetivo atualizar e trazer recomendações para os profissionais envolvidos (gastroenterologista, endoscopista e patologista) no diagnóstico de colite microscópica. Adicionalmente, uma breve recomendação sobre o tratamento.

A case of colonoscopy-induced Wunderlich's syndrome in a hemodialysis patient: coincidence or association? / Um caso de síndrome de Wunderlich induzida por colonoscopia em um paciente em hemodiálise: coincidência ou associação?

Abstract Wunderlich syndrome, or spontaneous renal hemorrhage (SRH), is a rare condition encountered in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis (HD) usually attributed to acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) among other causes. In the literature, colonoscopy is associated with splenic injuries, and renal hemorrhage has not been previously described. Management can range from conservative treatment to angiographic embolization or exploration and nephrectomy. Here we report an unusual case of a 54-year-old woman HD patient who presented with SRH within a few days of colonoscopy. The reason of SRH was rupture of an ACKD cyst. We assumed that colonoscopy was a provoking factor and elaborated hypotheses for its etiopathogenesis. The patient underwent successful left nephrectomy. The importance of this case lies in the fact that colonoscopy is not always an innocent procedure in HD patients, and could be complicated by renal cyst hemorrhage.

Resumo A síndrome de Wunderlich, ou hematoma perirrenal espontâneo (HPE), é uma condição rara encontrada em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise crônica (HD) geralmente atribuída à doença renal cística adquirida (DRCA), entre outras causas. Na literatura, a colonoscopia está associada a lesões esplênicas, e o hematoma renal não foi descrito anteriormente. O manejo pode variar de tratamento conservador a embolização angiográfica ou exploração e nefrectomia. Aqui relatamos um caso incomum de uma paciente em HD de 54 anos de idade que se apresentou com HPE dentro de poucos dias após a colonoscopia. O motivo do HPE foi a ruptura de um cisto de DRCA. Consideramos que a colonoscopia foi um fator provocador e elaboramos hipóteses para sua etiopatogenia. A paciente foi submetida a uma nefrectomia esquerda bem-sucedida. A importância deste caso reside no fato de que a colonoscopia nem sempre é um procedimento inocente em pacientes em HD, e pode ser complicada por hemorragia do cisto renal.

Risk factors associated with colorectal cancer in octogenarians can help stratify the need for colonoscopy

Objective: Colonoscopy is increasingly performed in octogenarians for the detection of colorectal cancer (CRC), but its benefits may be outweighed by its risks. The aim of the present study was to identify the risk factors for CRC in octogenarians presenting for colonoscopy to help stratify the need for this procedure. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 434 patients aged ≥ 80 years referred for a colonoscopy between January 2018 and December 2019. Comparisons were made between those with and without CRC and advanced adenoma (AA). The primary endpoint was to identify the clinical variables predictive of CRC and AA, and the secondary endpoints were complications and death 30 days after the procedure. Results: Colonoscopy was performed in 434 octogenarians, predominantly for symptoms, with CRC in 65 (15.0%) patients. Iron deficiency was associated with a higher risk of having CRC identified on colonoscopy (odds ratio [OR]: 2.33; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 1.36-4.00), but not symptoms such as bleeding, weight loss, or diarrhea. A colonoscopy in the last 10 years was protective, with a lower risk of CRC (OR: 0.45; 95% CI = 0.22-0.93). Patients with both normal iron stores and a colonoscopy within 10 years had a 92.5% chance of not having CRC. No variables were predictive of AA. Patients with complications, including death, were older and more likely to have underlying cardiorespiratory disease. Conclusion: Iron status and colonoscopy within 10 years can be used to predict the risk of CRC in octogenarians. Those with low predicted risk, especially if older and with cardiorespiratory disease, should be considered for non-invasive tests, such as computed tomography (CT) colonography, over colonoscopy. (AU)

Assessment of tolerance and acceptability between mannitol solution and polyethylene glycol as bowel preparation for colonoscopy: a three-center study / Evaluación de tolerancia y aceptabilidad entre la solución de manitol y el polietilenglicol como preparación intestinal para la colonoscopía: un estudio de tres centros

ABSTRACT Introduction: Adequate bowel preparation is one of the most important factors related to the yield of colonoscopy. Low quality bowel preparation has been associated with lower adenoma detection rates and increased healthcare expenses. Bowel preparation is a major impediment to undergo colonoscopy since it is perceived as an unpleasant experience by patients. Objective: This study was aimed to assess tolerance and acceptability of the bowel preparation using either polyethylene glycol (PEG) or mannitol solution. Materials and methods: We enrolled 140 patients with indications of screening for colorectal cancer or with suspected large bowel diseases. They received either mannitol solution or PEG as bowel preparation. Patients were asked to fill a questionnaire about the bowel preparation experience. Results: Patients perceived more burdensome the preparation with PEG than mannitol for the variables nausea overall experience, post-procedure discomfort, disagreeable flavor, volume ingested and cost (p<0.05). A similar tolerance was reported for abdominal pain, bloating and anal irritation (p>0.05). The acceptability was 82.9% and 71.4% in the Mannitol group and in the PEG group, respectively (p=0.10). Conclusion: Acceptance of the bowel preparation between mannitol solution and PEG was comparable. However, mannitol was better tolerated by the patients in regard to most of the evaluated items.

RESUMEN Introducción: La preparación intestinal adecuada es uno de los factores más importantes relacionados con el rendimiento de la colonoscopía. La preparación intestinal de baja calidad se ha asociado con tasas de detección de adenoma más bajas y mayores gastos de atención sanitaria. La preparación intestinal es un impedimento importante para someterse a una colonoscopía, ya que los pacientes la perciben como una experiencia desagradable. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la tolerancia y la aceptabilidad de la preparación intestinal utilizando polietilenglicol (PEG) o solución de manitol. Materiales y métodos: Fueron incluidos 140 pacientes con indicación de pesquisa de cáncer colorrectal o con sospecha de enfermedades del intestino grueso. Los pacientes recibieron solución de manitol o PEG como preparación intestinal. Se pidió a los pacientes que completaran un cuestionario sobre la experiencia de preparación intestinal. Resultados: Los pacientes percibieron más agobiante la preparación con PEG que el manitol para las variables náuseas, experiencia general, molestias posteriores al procedimiento, sabor desagradable, volumen ingerido y costo (p<0,05). Se informó una tolerancia similar para el dolor abdominal, distensión abdominal e irritación anal (p>0,05). La aceptabilidad fue de 82,9% y 71,4% en el grupo de manitol y en el grupo de PEG, respectivamente (p=0,10). Conclusión: La aceptación de la preparación intestinal entre la solución de manitol y el PEG fue comparable. Sin embargo, el manitol fue mejor tolerado por los pacientes con respecto a la mayoría de las variables evaluadas.

Colonoscopic findings in patients younger than 40 years

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the main endoscopic findings in patients under 40 years of age and the main indications for colonoscopy in these patients. Methods: A retrospective study with 362 reports of patients under 40 years of age who underwent colonoscopy from January 2014 to June 2017 at the colonoscopy service of the General Hospital Roberto Santos. Colon preparation was performed with mannitol and the patients underwent sedation as the anesthetist criteria. Results: Of the 362 patients analyzed, 192 (53%) were female. The mean age was 25 years (25.58 ± 11.95). The most frequent indications were inflammatory bowel disease in 24.3% (88) of the patients, bleeding in the lower digestive tract in 24% (87), and chronic diarrhea in 20.2% (73). The main colonoscopic findings were polyposis in 21.3% (77) of the patients and inflammatory alterations in 20.7% (75). Conclusion: With the analysis of the data provided by the colonoscopies, it was possible to conclude that, when the investigation is adequate and the examination is well indicated, even under the age of 40, colonoscopy can help in the diagnostic and treatment of several pathologies, including those that may increase the risk of colorectal cancer.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os principais achados endoscópicos nos pacientes com idade inferior a 40 anos e as principais indicações para realização das colonoscopias. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, com análise de 362 laudos de pacientes com idade inferior a 40 anos submetidos à colonoscopia, no período de Janeiro de 2014 até Junho de 2017 no serviço de coloproctologia do Hospital Geral Roberto Santos. Foi realizado preparo de cólon com manitol e os pacientes foram submetidos à sedação á critério do anestesista. Resultados: Dos 362 pacientes analisados, 192 (53%) eram do sexo feminino. Em relação à idade: média de 25 anos (25,58 ± 11,95). As indicações mais frequentes foram doença inflamatória intestinal em 24,3% (88) dos pacientes, sangramento digestivo baixo em 24% (87); e diarreia crônica 20,2% (73). Os principais achados colonoscópios foram polipose em 21,3 (77) dos pacientes e alterações inflamatórias em 20,7% (75). Conclusão: Com análise dos dados fornecidos pelos exames colonoscópios e suas indicações foi possível concluir que quando a investigação é adequada e o exame é bem indicado, mesmo abaixo dos 40 anos, a colonoscopia pode auxiliar no diagnóstico e tratamento de diversas patologias, inclusive as que podem aumentar o risco de câncer colorretal.

Experiencia del trasplante de microbiota fecal a través de colonoscopía en el tratamiento de la infección por Clostridium difficile recurrente / Fecal microbiota transplantation through colonoscopy for Clostridium difficile recurrent infection: report of eight cases

Background: Most cases of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) respond to a standard course of antibiotics, however recurrent CDI is becoming common and alternative therapeutic strategies are needed. In this scenario, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been suggested. Aim: To describe the efficacy and safety of FMT for the treatment of recurrent CDI. Patients and Methods: Review of medical records of all patients with recurrent CDI treated with FMT between April 2013 and April 2017. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted including details of treatment prior to FMT, rate of FMT treatment success and clinical course during follow-up period. Telephone surveys were conducted to determine patient satisfaction. Results: Eight patients aged 19 to 82 years (six women) underwent FMT. They experienced a median of four previous episodes of CDI (range 3-8). The mean duration of CDI was 18 days (range 3-36) before FMT. All procedures were performed by colonoscopy. Effectiveness with one session of FMT was 100%. During the follow-up period (median 24 months, range 7-55), two patients developed CDI, one of them after using antibiotics. Adverse events were reported in three patients. Two had bloating and one patient with Crohn's disease and a history of bacteremia had an episode of Escherichia coli bacteremia. All patients would use FMT again if necessary. Conclusions: FMT through colonoscopy appears to be a safe, effective and long-lasting therapy in cases of recurrent CDI.

Complicaciones de las videocolonoscopias en los primeros once años en un equipo quirúrgico / Adverse events related to colonoscopy on the initial eleven years of a surgical team

Antecedentes: la videocolonoscopia es un procedimiento imprescindible para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de afecciones colorrectales que forma parte de los recursos del cirujano. Posee un índice de complicaciones que pueden ser graves y requieren un adecuado manejo. Objetivo: analizar la experiencia de complicaciones de once años de un equipo quirúrgico realizando videocolonoscopia, con revisión de la bibliografía actual. Material y métodos: análisis retrospectivo consecutivo sobre una base de datos prospectiva. Entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2016 se realizaron endoscopias digestivas altas y bajas, diagnósticas y terapéuticas. Se analizan puntualmente las complicaciones de las videocolonoscopias y su manejo por parte del equipo quirúrgico. Resultados: de 3218 videocolonoscopias, 8 pacientes registraron complicaciones (0,2%). Todas fueron perforaciones colónicas resueltas mediante cirugía, con rafia primaria y operación tipo Hartmann. No hubo mortalidad en la serie. Conclusiones: si bien los procedimientos endoscópicos tienen efectos adversos, pueden ser llevados a cabo con estándares de calidad por cirujanos. Es importante que el equipo actuante esté capacitado para la resolución de complicaciones.

Background: colonoscopy is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal conditions, and is part of the surgeon's resources. Complications associated with the procedure could be severe, and require an appropriate management. Objective: to analyze complications associated with colonoscopies done by a surgical team. Material and method: retrospective analysis on a prospective database. Diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopies done by a surgical team between January 2005 and December 2016 were included. Complications and management strategies were analyzed. Results: of 3218 colonoscopies, 8 patients presented complications (0.2%). All were colon perforations solved by surgery, with primary closure and a kind of Hartmann's procedure. There was no mortality In this series. Conclusions: although endoscopic procedures may have adverse effects, they can be done under standards of quality by surgeons. It is important that the intervening team be qualified for the solution of complications.

Claves prácticas para un trasplante de microbiota fecal por colonoscopía en infección por Clostridium difficile recurrente. Experiencia en un centro universitario / Practical clues for a fecal microbiota transplantation by colonoscopy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Experience in a University center

Resumen El trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF) constituye una terapia altamente eficaz en la infección por Clostridium difficile (ICD) recurrente. La mejor vía de administración del material fecal aún no ha sido establecida; sin embargo, la vía baja a través de colonoscopía resulta eficaz, segura y de mayor aceptación por los pacientes, permitiendo además el examen de la mucosa del colon en busca de diagnósticos diferenciales. Presentamos una serie de casos de TMF realizados en nuestra institución a través de colonoscopía, destacando los resultados y aspectos prácticos para su implementación.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly effective therapy in recurrent Clostridium difficile. The best route to administrate the fecal matter has not been established yet. However, the lower gastrointestinal route by colonoscopy is effective and safe, presenting a higher acceptance by patients. In addition, this route allows an evaluation of colonic mucosa seeking for differential diagnostics. We present a case series of FMT performed in our institution by colonoscopy, highlighting outcomes and practical aspects for its implementation.

The importance of colonoscopy in inflammatory bowel diseases / A importância da colonoscopia nas doenças inflamatórias intestinais

ABSTRACT Introduction: Endoscopic evaluation, particularly the macroscopic mucosal and histological results of ileocolic biopsies, is essential for the management of inflammatory bowel disease. Endoscopic appearance is not always sufficient to differentiate Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, but there are some characteristics that favor one or another diagnosis. Both diseases have an increased incidence of colorectal carcinoma; so, surveillance colonoscopy is important for detecting early neoplastic lesions. Objective: To update the importance of endoscopy in the evaluation, diagnosis and prognosis of inflammatory bowel disease. Method: Search was done in the scientific literature of the TRIP database, chosen from clinical questions (PICO) with the following descriptors: "inflammatory bowel disease", "endoscopy/colonoscopy", "Crohn's disease", "ulcerative colitis" and "diagnosis/treatment". Results: Endoscopic investigation in patients with chronic colitis is quite accurate for the differential diagnosis between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Endoscopy is indicated for ulcerative colitis during severe crisis due to its prognostic value. Another accepted indication for endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease is its use in the screening for dysplastic lesion. Conclusion: Ileocolonoscopy allows an accurate diagnosis of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis in up to 90% of cases. The healing of the mucosa assessed by endoscopy after treatments despite not being consensus is still the gold-standard in the evaluation of remission of the disease. Colonoscopy is essential for long-term cancer surveillance and in the future the implementation of Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy seems to be very promising in assessing the initial dysplasia.

RESUMO Introdução: A avaliação endoscópica, em particular da macroscopia das mucosas e resultados histológicos de biópsias ileocolônicas, é essencial para o manuseio da doença inflamatória intestinal. A aparência endoscópica nem sempre é suficiente para diferenciar doença de Crohn e colite ulcerativa, porém existem algumas características que favorecem um ou outro diagnóstico. Ambas as doenças apresentam um aumento de incidência de carcinoma colorretal, assim, a colonoscopia de vigilância é importante para detectar lesões neoplásicas iniciais. Objetivo: Revisar o papel da endoscopia na avaliação, diagnóstico e prognóstico de doença inflamatória intestinal. Método: Foram pesquisados artigos científicos do banco de dados TRIP, escolhidos a partir de questões clínicas (PICO) com os seguintes descritores: "doença inflamatória intestinal", "endoscopia/colonoscopia", "doença de Crohn/colite ulcerativa" e "diagnóstico/tratamento". Resultados: A investigação endoscópica em pacientes com colite crônica é bastante precisa para o diagnóstico diferencial entre colite ulcerativa e doença de Crohn. Ela é indicada na colite ulcerativa durante as crises graves de doença, por seu valor prognóstico. Outra indicação aceita na doença inflamatória intestinal é a sua utilização no rastreio da lesão displásica . Conclusão: A Ileocolonoscopia permite diagnóstico preciso da doença de Crohn ou colite ulcerativa em até cerca de 90% dos casos. A cicatrização da mucosa avaliado por endoscopia após tratamentos, apesar de não ser consenso, ainda é o padrão-ouro na avaliação da remissão da doença.Colonoscopia é essencial para a vigilância do câncer em longo prazo. Futuramente a realização de Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy parece ser promissora na avaliação da displasia inicial.

Kidney injury and other complications related to colonoscopy in inpatients at a tertiary teaching hospital

OBJECTIVES: To describe clinical complications related to colonoscopy in inpatients with multiple diseases. Among the known complications, acute kidney injury was the primary focus. METHODS: This was an observational retrospective study of 97 inpatients. Data relating to age; gender; comorbidities; current medication; blood tests (renal function, blood glucose and LDL cholesterol levels); length of hospital stay; indication, results, and complications of colonoscopies; and time to the development of kidney injury were collected between June 2011 to February 2012. RESULTS: A total of 108 colonoscopies (9 screening and 88 diagnostic) were conducted in 97 patients. Renal injury occurred in 41.2% of the patients. The univariate analysis revealed that kidney injury was related to the use of diuretics, statins, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; however, the multivariate analysis showed that only the use of diuretics was associated with kidney injury. The occurrence of kidney injury and the time to its development were independent of the previous glomerular filtration rate as calculated with the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. CONCLUSIONS: The use of diuretics was the only independent variable associated with the development of kidney injury in inpatients with multiple comorbidities who underwent colonoscopy. The occurrence of kidney injury and the time to its development were independent of previous CKD-EPI-based assessments of renal function. These results highlight the increased risk of colonoscopy in such patients, and its indication should be balanced strictly and perhaps avoided as a screening test.

Qualidade em colonoscopia e taxa de detecção de adenoma no Centro-Oeste do Brasil / Adenoma detection rate evaluation and quality of colonoscopy in the center-west region of brazil

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is the third commonest cancer in men and the second in women worldwide. Peculiarities of its evolution allow secondary prevention measures through colonoscopy, with high diagnostic and therapeutic capacity. In this context, the quality indicators of the procedure become important, among them the adenoma detection rate (ADR). OBJECTIVE: To relate the ADR in a medium risk population subjected to colonoscopy with sociodemographic, technical and histopathological indicators. METHODS: This was a descriptive, observational and retrospective study whose data were collected from medical records of colonoscopy exams with the indication of colorectal cancer screening or prevention in the period from August to October 2016. RESULTS: A total of 436 exams were included for analysis. Female sex represented 66.3% with 289 patients versus 33.7% for men. Patients aged between 50 and 59 years were 223 (51.1%) and those between 60 and 75 years were 213 (48.9%). In 99 exams (22.7%) chromoscopy was used, and 420 patients (96.3%) were adequately prepared. There were 118 patients with adenomas, resulting in an overall ADR of 27.1%. The ADR for men was 30.6% and 25.3% for women. Patients between 60 and 75 years old had a significantly higher ADR (31.9%, compared to 22.4% of the younger ones). Examinations in which chromoscopy was used also presented higher ADR. CONCLUSION: The ADR values found for the population of the studied region were compatible with internationally established goals. Continuous evaluation of the ADR may yield interventions aimed at improving quality standards for colonoscopy and promote better prevention of colorectal cancer.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O câncer colorretal é o terceiro câncer mais incidente em homens e o segundo em mulheres em todo o mundo. Peculiaridades de sua evolução permitem medidas de prevenção secundária através da colonoscopia, com alta capacidade diagnóstica e terapêutica. Nesse contexto os indicadores de qualidade se tornam importantes, dentre eles a taxa de detecção de adenomas (TDA). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a taxa de detecção de adenomas em uma população de médio risco submetida a colonoscopia, relacionando-a a indicadores sociodemográficos, técnicos e histopatológicos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo descritivo, observacional e retrospectivo cujos dados foram coletados de registros e prontuários médicos de exames de colonoscopia com indicação de rastreamento ou prevenção do câncer colorretal no período de agosto a outubro de 2016. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 436 laudos de exames para análise de dados. O sexo feminino representou 66,3% com 289 pacientes contra 33,7% de homens. Os pacientes entre 50 e 59 anos de idade foram 223 (51,1%) e 213 entre 60 a 75 anos (48,9%). Em 99 exames (22,7%) foi feito uso de cromoscopia e 420 exames (96,3%) tiveram preparo adequado. Cento e dezoito pacientes tiveram adenomas, resultando em uma TDA geral no serviço de 27,1%. A TDA para homens foi de 30,6% e 25,3% para mulheres. Os pacientes entre 60 e 75 anos tiveram uma TDA significativamente maior (31,9%, contra 22,4% dos mais jovens). Exames em que foi feito uso cromoscopia também apresentaram maior TDA. CONCLUSÃO: Os valores de TDA encontrados podem validar o uso de metas estabelecidas mundialmente para a população da região estudada e sua progressão temporal pode propor medidas para o aumento dessa taxa.

Microscopic analysis of patients with chronic diarrhea without macroscopic disease / Análise microscópica de pacientes com diarreia crônica sem doença macroscópica

BACKGROUND: Colonoscopy is part of the current diagnostic armamentarium. However, in some patients with chronic diarrhea, a colonoscopy may show normal mucosa; in these cases, serial biopsies can provide important information for the diagnosis and treatment of patients. AIM: To analyze patients with chronic diarrhea having a macroscopically normal colonoscopy, by evaluating histological changes. METHODS: 30 patients with chronic diarrhea and normal colonoscopy were prospectively evaluated and submitted to serial biopsies of the terminal ileum, ascending colon and rectum. RESULTS: The sample of 30 patients showed a ratio of 18 men (60%) and 12 women (40%). On histological types, it was found that 13 patients (43.3%) had lymphoid hyperplasia, eosinophilic inflammation in 4 (13.3%), nonspecific inflammation in 4 (13.3%), regenerative changes in 3 (10%), lymphocytic colitis in 2 (6.6%) and changes consistent with Crohn's disease in 1 (3.3%). CONCLUSIONS: One can observe that even chronic diarrhea patients, without other associated factors, benefited from colonoscopy with biopsy, because it held the etiologic diagnosis in some cases as also excluded by histopathology. It was noticed that the frequency of patients with altered biopsy and less dragged diarrheal episodes (84.2%) was large, should consider their achievement.

INTRODUÇÃO: A colonoscopia faz parte do arsenal de diagnóstico atual. Porém, em alguns pacientes com diarreia crônica, a colonoscopia pode evidenciar mucosa normal; nesses casos biópsias seriadas podem trazer informações importantes para o diagnóstico e tratamento dos pacientes. OBJETIVO: Analisar pacientes com diarreia crônica submetidos à colonoscopia macroscopicamente normal, avaliando assim histologicamente as alterações. MÉTODOS: Análise prospectiva da histologia 30 pacientes com diarreia crônica e colonoscopias normais, submetidos a biópsias seriadas de íleo terminal, cólon ascendente e reto. RESULTADOS: A amostra de 30 pacientes mostrou uma proporção de 18 homens (60%) e 12 mulheres (40%). Sobre os tipos de alterações histológicas, foi verificado que 13 pacientes (43,3%) apresentaram hiperplasia linfóide, inflamação eosinofílica em 4 (13,3%), inflamação inespecífica em 4 (13,3%), alterações regenerativas em 3 (10%), colite linfocítica em 2 (6,6%) e alterações compatíveis com Doença de Crohn em 1 (3,3%). CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se que mesmo pacientes com diarreia crônica, sem outros fatores associados, beneficiaram-se da colonoscopia com biópsia, pois a mesma realizou o diagnóstico etiológico em alguns casos como também o excluiu através da histopatologia. Verificou-se que a frequência de pacientes com biópsia alterada e quadros diarreicos menos arrastados (84,2%) foi grande, devendo-se considerar a realização do exame.

Estudo do perfil de pacientes pediátricos que se submeteram à colonoscopia em um hospital de referência / Study of pediatric patients profile who submitted colonoscopies in a reference hospital

Introdução: a colonoscopia faz parte da rotina na investigação de crianças com sangramento retal, suspeita de doença inflamatória intestinal, diarreia crônica e outros sintomas abdominais. Objetivos: este estudo tem, como objetivo, quantificar o número de endoscopias realizadas e estabelecer o perfil das crianças que tiveram a indicação de realizar colonoscopia no Hospital Infantil Dr. Juvêncio Mattos no Maranhão, bem como sua relação com a queixa principal, os achados endoscópicos e o tratamento. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo analítico e transversal com 32 crianças de 8 a 13 anos, que foram submetidas à colonoscopia no Hospital Infantil Dr. Juvêncio Mattos, de janeiro de 2010 a fevereiro de 2012. Resultados: observou-se 37 achados endoscópicos e histopatológicos uma vez que cinco pacientes apresentavam duas patologias associadas. Foi diagnosticada Doença de Crohn em duas crianças e retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica em quatro crianças. Oito pacientes apresentavam hiperplasia nodular linfoide. Evidenciou-se ainda quatro casos de colite alérgica e um caso de colite relacionada à oxiuríase. Houve também retocolite associada à hiperplasia nodular linfoide em uma criança com síndrome de cutis laxa. Os pólipos foram achados em 10 pacientes, sendo os mais frequentes principalmente entre as idades de 1 a 5 anos. Em sete pacientes, a colonoscopia foi normal. Conclusão: desta forma, a colonoscopia vem se firmando como um método adequado para o diagnóstico de lesões colorretais e tendo, inclusive, o valor terapêutico em alguns casos.

Introduction: the colonoscopy is part of the routine investigation of children with rectal bleeding and suspected inflammatory bowel disease, chronic diarrhea and other abdominal symptoms. Objective: this research aims to quantify the number of endoscopies performed and establish the profile of the children who had the indication to perform colonoscopy at Childrens Hospital Dr. Juvêncio Mattos and his relationship with the chief complaint, endoscopic findings and treatment. Methods: it is a study analytical, cross with 32 children from three months to thirteen years old who underwent colonoscopy at Childrens Hospital Dr. Juvêncio Mattos from January 2010 to February 2012. Results: there were 37 endoscopic and histopathological findings, since five patients had two comorbidities. Crohns disease was diagnosed in two children and ulcerative colitis in four children. Eight patients had nodular lymphoid hyperplasia. It was also revealed four cases of allergic colitis and one case of colitis-related oxyuriasis. There have also been associated with colitis nodular lymphoid hyperplasia in a child with Cutis Laxa Syndrome. Polyps were found in 10 patients, the most frequent, mainly between the ages 1-5 years. In seven patients, colonoscopy was normal. Conclusion: thus, the colonoscopy has been established itself as a suitable method for the diagnosis of colorectal lesions and in some cases, therapeutic value.

Nefropatía asociada a fosfatos posterior a preparación para colonoscopia: dos casos anátomo-clínicos / Acute phosphate nephropathy after bowel cleansing for colonoscopy: two clinical-pathological case reports

Oral sodium phosphate (OSP) solutions are widely used for bowel cleansing before colonoscopy, for stercoral retention phenomena and persistent chronic constipation. Its main risk, is acute phosphate nephropathy (APN), which is a clinic-pathological entity characterized by acute kidney disease secondary to deposition of calcium phosphate crystals in the renal tubules. Its recognition has been documented over the last decade in relation to case reports and the warning of the FDA. This report discusses two cases of APN certified by renal biopsy after the administration of OSP. One of them had an acute symptomatic presentation, and the other one, was a late finding. Both developed renal failure.

Las soluciones de fosfato de sodio oral (FSO) son ampliamente utilizadas para la preparación de colon previo a colonoscopia, para fenómenos de retención estercorácea y constipación crónica pertinaz. Su principal riesgo, la nefropatía aguda por fosfatos (NAF), es una entidad clínico-patológica caracterizada por falla renal aguda secundaria a depósito de cristales de fosfato de calcio en los túbulos renales. En la última década se han comunicado reportes de casos clínicos y una advertencia del uso de FSO por parte de la Food and Drug Administration de EE.UU. (FDA). En esta publicación se comunican dos casos de NAF, posterior a la administración de FSO, confirmadas por biopsia. Uno de ellos tuvo una presentación aguda y sintomática y el otro fue un hallazgo tardío. Ambos se acompañaron de falla renal.

Using computed tomography colonography in patients at high risk of colorectal cancer - a prospective study in a university hospital in South America

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to report the results of the implementation of computed tomography colonography in a university hospital setting serving a Brazilian population at high risk of colorectal cancer. METHODS: After creating a computed tomography colonography service in our institution, 85 patients at high risk of colorectal cancer underwent computed tomography colonography followed by a same-day optical colonoscopy from September 2010 to May 2012. The overall accuracy of computed tomography colonography in the detection of lesions ≥6 mm was compared to that of optical colonoscopy (direct comparison). All colonic segments were evaluated using quality imaging (amount of liquid and solid residual feces and luminal distension). To assess patient acceptance and preference, a questionnaire was completed before and after the computed tomography colonography and optical colonoscopy. Fisher's exact test was used to measure the correlations between colonic distension, discomfort during the exam, exam preference and interpretation confidence. RESULTS: Thirteen carcinomas and twenty-two lesions ≥6 mm were characterized. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of computed tomography colonography were 100%, 98.2% and 98.6%, respectively. Computed tomography colonography was the preferred method of investigation for 85% of patients. The preparation was reported to cause only mild discomfort for 97.6% of patients. According to the questionnaires, there was no significant relationship between colonic distension and discomfort (p>0.05). Most patients (89%) achieved excellent bowel preparation. There was a statistically significant correlation between the confidence perceived in reading the computed tomography colonography and the quality of the preparation in each colonic segment (p≤0.001). The average effective radiation dose per exam was 7.8 mSv. CONCLUSION: It was possible to institute an efficient computed ...

Importance of biopsies and histological evaluation in patients with chronic diarrhea and normal colonoscopies / Importância das biópsias seriadas e avaliação histológica em pacientes com diarreia crônica e colonoscopia normal

BACKGROUND: In patients with chronic diarrhea, colonoscopy may identify inflammatory causes or some occult disease, and also can show a normal mucosa. Serial biopsies of intestinal mucosa can be useful for a differential diagnosis, and to modify the treatment. AIM: To evaluate whether the biopsies performed in patients with chronic diarrhea and a normal colonoscopy contribute to the differential diagnosis and alter the therapeutic approach. METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study using a computerized database was done. Patients with chronic diarrhea and a normal colonoscopy underwent serial biopsies of the terminal ileum, ascending colon and rectum. RESULTS: From 398 records, 214 were excluded. Of the 184 patients enrolled, 91 showed histological changes: 40% nonspecific inflammation; 5.18% lymphocytic inflammation, 10.37% eosinophilic inflammation; 39.26% lymphoid hyperplasia; 2.22% collagenous colitis; 2.22% melanosis; and 0.74% pseudomelanose. The sites with the largest number of changes were the terminal ileum and right colon. CONCLUSIONS: Serial biopsies in patients with chronic diarrhea and normal colonoscopy identified changes in almost 50% of cases and 22% of these cases may had modified the treatment after identification of collagenous, lymphocytic and eosinophilic colitis. .

RACIONAL: Nos pacientes com diarreia crônica, a colonoscopia pode identificar causas inflamatórias ou alguma doença oculta, e também evidenciar mucosa normal. Nesse contexto, a biópsia seriada da mucosa intestinal pode ser útil para diagnóstico diferencial e até modificar o tratamento. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se as biópsias seriadas executadas em pacientes com diarreia crônica e colonoscopia normal contribuem para o diagnóstico diferencial e alteram a conduta terapêutica. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e transversal, utilizando banco de dados informatizado. Foram incluídos pacientes com diarreia crônica e colonoscopia normal submetidos à biópsia seriada de íleo terminal, cólon ascendente e reto. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 398 prontuários dos quais 214 foram excluídos. Dos 184 dos incluídos, 91 apresentaram alterações histológicas: inflamação inespecífica 54 (40%); inflamação linfocítica sete (5,18%); inflamação eosinofílica 14 (10,37%); hiperplasia linfoide 53 (39,26%); colite colagenosa três (2,22%); melanose três (2,22%); e pseudomelanose um (0,74%). Os locais com o maior número de alterações foram o íleo terminal e o cólon direito. CONCLUSÕES: Biópsias seriadas em pacientes com diarreia crônica e colonoscopia normal identificaram alterações em quase 50% dos casos, sendo que 22% poderiam ter o tratamento modificado após a identificação de colite colagenosa, linfocítica ou eosinofílica. .

Experiencia inicial en estudios videocolonoscópicos en un Servicio de Cirugía General y médicos en formación / Initial experience in videocolonoscopic studies in a general surgery service and doctors in training

Introducción: la Videocolonoscopía (VCC) es cada vez más utilizada en los servicios de cirugía. Objetivo: estimar el rédito diagnóstico y terapéutico de todas las videocolonoscopías, y la efectividad de los médicos en formación. Material y Métodos: se revisaron los estudios videocolonoscópicos realizados en el servicio de cirugía, entre julio de 2009 y julio de 2011. Resultados: se efectuaron 221 VCC con sedación. El género de los pacientes fue: masculino 117 (53%) y femenino 104 (47%). El motivo del estudio fue: hematoquecia 54 pacientes (24%), sospecha de cáncer colorrectal 20 (9%), reconstrucción del tránsito intestinal 19 (9%), dolor abdominal 13 (6%), cambio del ritmo evacuatorio 9 (4%), anemia 8 (4%), screening 9 (4%), tumor anexial 8 (4%), SOMF positiva 4 (2%), diarrea crónica 6 (3%) y Colitis ulcerosa 1 (0,50%). Se realizaron 179 (81%) VCC completas y 42 (19%) VCC incompletas. Los diagnósticos fueron: examen normal 53 (24%), lesiones polipóideas sésiles 43 (20%), lesiones polipóideas pediculadas 17 (8%), más de 2 a 3 lesiones polipóides 10 (5%), patología hemorroidaria 44 (20%), diverticulosis 37 (17%), rectosigmoiditis ulcerosa idiopática 2 (1%), tumor del canal anal 2 (1%), lipoma 1 (0.50%). Con relación al hallazgo de lesiones neoplásicas, hubo 3 lesiones neoplásicas tempranas tipo IIa de la Clasificación de Paris (1%), y 23 lesiones avanzadas (10%). De éstas 18 (8%) eran lesiones infranqueables, lo que impidió que el estudio fuera completo. Además de estos casos hubo otras 24 VCC incompletas (11%). El 100% de las lesiones polipóideas fueron extirpadas durante la VCC. Conclusiones: el 90% de los estudios fueron VCC completas, con lesiones tumorales infranqueables en el 8%. En las lesiones polipoideas se realizó terapéutica endoscópica en el 100% de los casos. Los médicos en formación cumplieron adecuadamente con los objetivos.

Background: the use of Videocolonoscopy is increasingly growing in surgical units. Objective: To estimate the diagnostic and therapeutic yield of colonoscopy and the effectiveness of training operators. Material and Methods: we reviewed all the colonoscopic exams from July 2009 to July 2011. Results: we performed 221 colonoscopies: 117 males (53%) and 104 females (47%). The indication was: hematochezia 54 (24%), suspected colorectal cancer 20 (9%), reconstruction of bowel transit: 19 (9%), abdominal pain: 13 (6%), change of bowel movement habits 9 (4%), anemia 8 (4%), screening 9 (4%), ovarian tumor 8 (4%), positive FOBT 4 (2%), chronic diarrhea 6 (3%) and ulcerative colitis 1 (0.50%). There were 179 (81%) complete exams and 42 (19%) incomplete. The diagnosis were: abscence of pathology 53 (24%), sessile polypoid lesions 43 (20%), pedunculated polypoid lesions 17 (8%), more than 2-3 sessile polypoid lesions 10 (5%), pathologic hemorrhoids 44 (20%), diverticulosis 37 (17%), idiopathic ulcerative rectosigmoiditis 2 (1%), anal canal tumor 2 (1%) and lipoma 1 (0.50%). Regarding neoplasic lesions there were 3 Paris type IIa (1%), and 23 advanced tumors (10%). Of them, 18 (8%) impaired a complete examination. There were other incomplete colonoscopies 24 (11%), mainly due to a bad preparation. Conclusions: complete colonoscopy was achieved in 90% of the studies, with obstructive tumors in 8% which did not allow a complete exam. Regarding polypoid lesions endoscopic therapy was performed in 100% of cases. Training operators adequately met the objectives.

WHAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS REGARDING ACCEPTANCE TO THE COLONOSCOPY?: Study of related tolerance parameters

Context Colonoscopy plays an indubitable role in the setting of clinical practice, however, it is an invasive exam; complex, lengthy, embarrassing, not devoid of risks and discomfort that yields fear and anxiety in the majority of patients. In a new era of rising competition between health institutions, where the quality of health care and client satisfaction are praised, studies regarding tolerance-related colonoscopy issues yield great potential to be explored. In the present study, tolerance is defined as willingness to repeat the exam. Objectives Evaluate information associated to bowel preparation, the exam itself and post-examination period that might interfere with the tolerance to the colonoscopy. Methods Analysis of the tolerance to the colonoscopy at three stages (pre, post, and during) through a checklist: patient's questionnaire and a medical assessment form were used. Results In this present study, 91.2% of 373 patients exhibited positive tolerance to the colonoscopy. Aspects related to a negative level of tolerance were patient gender (12.9% of women versus 3.2% of men would not repeat the exam), age extremes (less than 20 years and greater than 80 years of age), and abdominal pain, both during the bowel preparation and after the procedure. Conclusions Gender, age, patient cooperation and abdominal pain were the decisive components regarding tolerance to the colonoscopy. Notably, in two phases of the exam, the abdominal pain was the most important feature associated to a lessened tolerance. .

Contexto É inquestionável o papel da colonoscopia na prática clínica, entretanto, trata-se de exame invasivo, complexo, demorado, impudico, não isento de riscos e desconforto, que gera receio e ansiedade à maioria dos pacientes. Em uma nova época de elevada competição entre instituições de saúde, na qual se valoriza a qualidade dos serviços prestados e satisfação dos clientes, estudos sobre fatores relacionados a tolerância à colonoscopia oferecem grande potencial a ser explorado. No presente estudo considerou-se tolerância a disposição de repetir o exame. Objetivo Analisar informações relacionados ao preparo, exame e pós exame que interferem na tolerância à colonoscopia. Métodos Análise da tolerância à colonoscopia em três momentos da colonoscopia (pré, pós e durante) através de check list: “formulário do paciente” e “ficha de avaliação médica”. Resultados No presente estudo 91.2% de 373 pacientes apresentaram tolerância positiva à colonoscopia. Os fatores relacionados à tolerância negativa foram o sexo feminino (12.9% mulheres and 3.2% dos homens não repetiriam o exame), extremos de idade (<20 anos e >80 anos) e dor abdominal durante o preparo intestinal e após o procedimento. Conclusões Gênero, idade, cooperação do paciente e dor abdominal foram fatores determinantes da tolerância à colonoscopia. Significativa em duas fases do exame, a dor abdominal foi o fator mais importante relacionado à redução da tolerância. .

Perfil epidemiológico de 702 pacientes submetidos à endoscopia digestiva baixa no serviço de endoscopia do Hospital Geral César Calls / Epidemiological profile of 702 patients undergoing lower gastrintestinal endoscopy in Cesar Calls General Hospital

Objetivo: descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes submetidos à endoscopia digestiva baixa em um centro terciário do Nordeste brasileiro, ressaltando a sua importância como método diagnóstico e terapêutico. Método: análise retrospectiva de 702 laudos de pacientes submetidos à colonoscopia e retossigmidoscopia em ambiente de hospital terciário no período de abril de 2002 a abril de 2009. Resultados: a idade média foi de 54,55 anos, e houve predomínio do sexo feminino (59,12%). Hemorragia Digestiva Baixa (14,39%), alteração do hábito intestinal (12,39%) e diarreia (11,82%) foram as indicações para realização de endoscopia digestiva baixa mais frequentes. As endoscopias digestivas baixas foram normais em 57,51%. Foram identificadas a doença inflamatória intestinal em 11,14% e a neoplasia maligna do trato gastrintestinal em 6,3% dos exames. Dentre os pacientes com neoplasia maligna do trato gastrintestinal, 23,07% dos pacientes realizaram o exame por apresentarem hemorragia digestiva baixa ou sangue oculto nas fezes. Utilizando-se do teste do Qui-quadrado, não houve uma relação significativa entre a idade dos pacientes e as alterações encontradas nos laudos de endoscopia digestiva baixa (P=0,2754, (x2: 1,189, DF=1). Conclusão: a colonoscopia e retossigmoidoscopia são excelentes métodos tanto diagnósticos como terapêuticos na investigação das doenças digestivas.

Purpose: to describe the epidemiological profile of patients undergoing lower gastrintestinal endoscopy in a teciary health service in Northeast Brazil, emphasizing their importance as diagnostic and therapeutic method. Materials and methods: retrospective analysis of 702 reports of patients undergoing to colonoscopy and retossigmoidoscopy in a teciary health service in the period april 2002 to april 2009. Results: the mean age was 54.55 years, and there was a predominance of females (59.12%). Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (14.39%), altered bowel habits (12.39%) and diarrhea (11.82%) were the indications for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy conducting more frequent. The lower gastrintestinal endoscopy were normal in 57.51% of the diagnoses identified in the reports and inflamatory bowel disease were identified in 11.14%.The malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract was identified in 6.3%. Among patients with malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract, 23.07% of the patients were examined because they have lower gastrointestinal bleeding, or fecal occult blood Using the chi-square, there was a significant relationship between patient age and the changes found in the reports of lower gastrintestnal endoscopy (P=0.2754, (x2: 1.189, DF=1). Conclusion: the flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy are excellent whether diagnostic or therapeutic methods in digestive disease research.