Modelo de monitoreo de comportamientos inusuales o conglomerados de defectos congénitos en el nivel departamental, distrital y municipal, Colombia, 2018 / Monitoring model of unusual behaviors or conglomerates of birth defects at the departmental, district and municipal levels, Colombia, 2018

Resumen Introducción: La información de la vigilancia en salud pública permite la detección de patrones inusuales en los datos, con el fin de que las respuestas de salud pública sean oportunas y contribuyan a la disminución de la morbimortalidad de la población infantil. Objetivos: Describir un modelo de monitoreo diseñado para la identificación de comportamientos inusuales y conglomerados de defectos congénitos, así como el incremento en la frecuencia del evento en comparación con el número de casos notificados históricamente. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo que incluye el análisis de los casos notificados al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (SIVIGILA) durante los últimos tres años, agrupados y comparados con las prevalencias de acuerdo con lo reportado por el ECLAM. Se usó la distribución de probabilidades de Poisson y se identificó aquellas entidades territoriales en donde se observan diferencias significativas entre lo esperado y lo observado con un valor de significancia < 0,05 (p < 0,05). Resultados: Se identificaron prevalencias superiores en holoprosencefalia, microcefalia, polidactilia, defectos por reducción de miembro inferior y coartación de la aorta. Los comportamientos inusuales de los defectos congénitos de sistema nervioso central se concentran en anencefalia, espina bífida, hidrocefalia, microcefalia. Conclusiones: Las condiciones particulares de cada municipio y/o departamento y el comportamiento de los defectos congénitos en algunas áreas podría indicar que las mujeres en estado de gestación son susceptibles a mayores riesgos en zonas particulares, y que este riesgo en particular podría ser el resultado de diversas inequidades en salud generadas por las interacciones sociales, ambientales y comportamentales.

Abstract Introduction: The public health surveillance information allows the detection of unusual patterns in the data in order that public health responses are timely and contribute to the reduction of morbidity and mortality of the child population. Objectives: To describe a monitoring model designed for the identification of unusual behaviors and conglomerates of congenital defects, as well as the increase in the frequency of the event in comparison with the number of cases reported historically. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study that includes the analysis of the cases notified to the Public Health National Surveillance System (SIVIGILA) during the last three years, grouped and compared with the prevalences according to what was reported by the ECLAM. The distribution of Poisson probabilities was used identifying those territorial entities where significant differences were observed between what was expected and what was observed with a value of significance < 0.05 (p < 0.05). Results: Superior prevalences were identified in holoprosencephaly, microcephaly, polydactyly, defects due to reduction of the lower limb and coarctation of the aorta. Unusual behaviors of congenital defects of the central nervous system are concentrated in anencephaly, spina bifida, hydrocephalus, microcephaly. Conclusions: The conditions of each municipality and / or department and the behavior of congenital defects in some areas could indicate that women in pregnancy are susceptible to greater risks areas, and that this risk could be the result of various health inequities generated by social, environmental, and behavioral interactions.

Mortalidad infantil por malformaciones congénitas en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (1998-2015): Análisis espacial, temporal y relación con la condición socioeconómica / Infant mortality due to congenital malformations in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (1998-2015): Spatial, temporal analysis and relation to the socioeconomic status

Introducción. En Argentina, las malformaciones congénitas (MC) representan la segunda causa de muerte en menores de 1 año. Objetivo. Analizar la variación temporal y espacial de la mortalidad infantil por MC en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y su relación con un indicador de desarrollo socioeconómico. Materiales y método. Los datos de nacimientos y muertes de menores de 1 año de edad codificados con la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10) provinieron del Ministerio de Salud. Para las zonas geográficas (Norte, Centro y Sur), sistemas (nervioso, cardiovascular y anomalías cromosómicas) y 28 malformaciones específicas, se estimaron la tasa de mortalidad infantil por MC (TMI-MC) y el porcentaje de muertes por MC (PM-MC) en 3 períodos (1998-2003, 2004-2009, 2010-2015). La tendencia secular y el riesgo de muerte se estimaron con un modelo de regresión de Poisson. Mediante el análisis de componentes principales, se definió un indicador de desarrollo socioeconómico que se correlacionó con la TMI-MC y el PM-MC. Resultados. La TMI-MC y el PM-MC presentaron, respectivamente, una tendencia secular negativa y positiva con significación estadística y exhibieron una diferenciación por zonas. La TMI-MC descendió para las malformaciones del sistema nervioso central y cardiovascular, y aumentó en las anomalías cromosómicas (p < 0,05). La TMI-MC y el PM-MC se correlacionaron de modo positivo y negativo, respectivamente, con el indicador socioeconómico (p < 0,05). Conclusión. Los indicadores de mortalidad infantil por MC de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires exhiben una heterogeneidad espacial y temporal, y se relacionan con las características socioeconómicas zonales.

Introduction. In Argentina, congenital malformations (CM) account for the second cause of death among infants younger than 1 year. Objective. To analyze spatial and temporal variation in infant mortality due to CM in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and its relation to a socioeconomic development indicator. Materials and methods. Births and deaths among infants younger than 1 year were coded using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10); data were provided by the Ministry of Health. Geographical areas: northern, central and southern. The nervous system, the cardiovascular system, chromosomal abnormalities, and 28 specific malformations were evaluated. Infant mortality rate due to CM (IMR-CM) and the percentage of deaths from CM (PD-CM) were estimated in 3 periods (1998-2003, 2004-2009, 2010-2015). Secular trend and risk of death were estimated using the Poisson regression model. A socioeconomic development indicator correlated to the IMR-CM and the PD-CM was obtained by means of a principal component analysis. Results. The IMR-CM and the PD-CM had, respectively, a negative and positive secular trend with statistical significance, and exhibited a differentiation by areas. The IMR-CM values decreased for central nervous system and cardiovascular system malformations, and increased for chromosomal abnormalities (p < 0.05). The IMR-CM and the PD-CM were positively and negatively correlated, respectively, with the socioeconomic indicator (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Infant mortality indicators due to CM in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, and are related to the socioeconomic characteristics of the areas.

Anomalias congênitas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul: análise de série temporal / Congenital anomalies in Rio Grande do Sul State: a time series analysis

RESUMO: Introdução: No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a incidência de anomalias congênitas varia de 10 a 15/1.000 recém-nascidos vivos. Reconhecer os fatores de risco pode modificar a frequência das anomalias congênitas e a mortalidade neonatal. Este artigo teve o objetivo de analisar a variação temporal de anomalias congênitas no Rio Grande do Sul, de 2005 a 2014, e identificar os fatores associados à sua ocorrência. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de série temporal, baseado em dados secundários, sobre anomalias congênitas e as variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde das mães e dos recém-nascidos residentes no Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 2005 a 2014. Resultados: No período investigado, ocorreram 1.386.803 nascimentos oriundos de mães residentes no Rio Grande do Sul, e os casos diagnosticados com anomalias congênitas corresponderam a uma taxa média geral de 9,2 por mil casos, com maior taxa no grupo de mães de recém-nascidos cujo índice de Apgar foi menor que 7; com peso igual ou menor que 1.500 g; com idade gestacional igual ou menor que 31 semanas e residentes na região metropolitana. As anomalias congênitas mais frequentes foram as do sistema osteomuscular, sistema nervoso e aparelho circulatório. Conclusão: Esses dados alertam sobre a mudança no perfil epidemiológico das mães de crianças com anomalias congênitas, mostrando os grupos de maior risco.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: In Rio Grande do Sul Sate (Brazil), the incidence of congenital anomalies ranges from 10 to 15/1,000 live births. Identifying risk factors can change congenital anomalies frequency and neonatal mortality. This paper intends to analyze temporal variation of congenital anomalies in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, from 2005 to 2014, and to identify the factors associated with its occurrence. Method: This is a descriptive, time series study based on secondary data on congenital anomalies and sociodemographic and health variables of mothers and newborns living in Rio Grande do Sul, from 2005 to 2014. Results: In the period surveyed, there were 1,386,803 births of mothers living in Rio Grande do Sul, and the cases diagnosed with congenital anomalies corresponded to a general average rate of 9.2 per thousand cases, with a greater rate in the group of mothers of newborns whose Apgar score was lower than seven; who had a weight equal to or lower than 1,500 grams; with a gestational age equal to or lower than 31 weeks and living in the metropolitan region. The most frequent types of congenital anomalies were those located in the musculoskeletal system, the nervous system and the circulatory system. Conclusion: These data warn us about the change in the epidemiological profile of mothers of children with congenital anomalies, thereby indicating the groups at greatest risk.

Profile of newborns with gastroschisis diagnosis in a public hospital at Porto Alegre/RS

Objective: To know the profile of newborn diagnosed with gastroschisis and treated at a public hospital at Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative study was conducted to retrospectively analyze 54 medical records of neonates diagnosed with gastroschisis treated at the study hospital between January 2006 and January 2016. The analysis included all medical records of infants diagnosed with gastroschisis and born in the institution studied, as well as those who were transferred from other health institutions in the period examined. Medical records were searched through electronic consultation to the institution's Epidemiology Service, using the International Code of Diseases (ICD) 10 Q 793). Later, the files were accessed through the Medical Records and Statistics Service. Information was collected using a form containing the study variables. The data analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 21.0. The study complied with the ethical aspects of human research legislation. Results: The prevalence of gastroschisis was 0.11%, totaling 54 cases identified. Mean maternal age was 20.2 years; sex distribution was equal among newborns with the malformation; and 72.5% of cases had primary abdominal closure. Conclusion: The results for related causes and treatment, such as maternal age, drug use, and type of abdominal closure, were similar to findings from other studies on gastroschisis(AU)

Estudio de prevalencia y letalidad neonatal en pacientes con anomalías congénitas seleccionadas con datos del Registro Nacional de Anomalías Congénitas de Argentina / Study on the prevalence and neonatal lethality in patients with selected congenital anomalies as per the data of the National Registry of Congenital Anomalies of Argentina

Introducción. Las anomalías congénitas (AC), en Argentina, representan el 26% de las defunciones infantiles. La tasa de letalidad de AC mide el riesgo de morir entre los afectados. Objetivos. Describir la prevalencia al nacer de un grupo de AC seleccionadas, estimar la tasa de letalidad neonatal y analizar su asociación con diferentes variables. Población y métodos. El estudio se realizó con datos del Registro Nacional de Anomalías Congénitas. Se calcularon las prevalencias de encefalocele, espina bífida, gastrosquisis, onfalocele, hernia difragmática, atresia de esófago, atresia intestinal o malformación anorrectal (período 2009-2013). La letalidad se evaluó a los 7 y a los 28 días de vida en los afectados de presentación aislada (año 2013). Se analizó la asociación con las variables sexo, edad gestacional, peso al nacer, detección ecográfica prenatal, porcentaje de necesidades básicas insatisfechas del departamento de residencia materna, región geográfica y nivel de complejidad del hospital de nacimiento. Resultados. Gastrosquisis fue la AC de mayor prevalencia (8,53/10 000 nacimientos) y hernia difragmática, la de mayor tasa de letalidad neonatal (66,67%). En el total de las AC seleccionadas, fue significativa la asociación entre mayor edad gestacional y sobrevida a los 7 días -OR: 0,81 (0,70-0,95)- y a los 28 días de vida -OR: 0,79 (IC 95%: 0,68-0,91)-. Mayor porcentaje de necesidades básicas insatisfechas se asoció a mayor letalidad con hernia difragmática -OR: 1,59 (IC 95%: 1,30-1,95)- y con atresia intestinal o malformación anorrectal -OR: 16,00 (IC 95%: 1,63-157,24)-. Conclusiones. La alta prevalencia de gastrosquisis coincide con el aumento a nivel mundial. La prematurez y el alto porcentaje de necesidades básicas insatisfechas incrementaron el riesgo de morir en los afectados.

Introduction. Congenital anomalies (CAs) account for 26% of infant mortality in Argentina. The lethality rate for CAs measures the risk of death among affected infants. Objectives. To describe the prevalence at birth of a group of selected CAs, to estimate the neonatal lethality rate, and to examine its association with different variables. Population and Methods. The study was conducted using data provided by the National Registry of Congenital Anomalies. Prevalences of encephalocele, spina bifida, gastroschisis, omphalocele, diaphragmatic hernia, esophageal atresia, intestinal atresia, or anorectal malformation were estimated (2009-2013 period). Lethality was assessed at 7 and 28 days of life in affected infants with an isolated anomaly (2013). Association with the following variables was analyzed: sex, gestational age, birth weight, antenatal ultrasound screening, percentage of unmet basic needs in the district where the mother lives, geographic region, and level of care at the hospital where the delivery took place. Results. Gastroschisis was the most prevalent CA (8.53/10,000births), while diaphragmatic hernia was the CA with the highest neonatal lethality rate (66.67%). Out of all selected CAs, there was a significant association between an higher gestational age and survival at 7 days -OR: 0.81 (0.70-0.95)- and survival at 28 days -OR: 0.79 (95% confidence interval --CI--: 0.68-0.91)-. A higher percentage of unmet basic needs was associated with a higher lethality for diaphragmatic hernia -OR: 1.59 (95% CI: 1.30-1.95)- and for intestinal atresia or anorectal malformation -OR: 16.00 (95% CI: 1.63-157.24)-. Conclusions. The highprevalence of gastroschisis is consistent with the increase observed globally. Prematurity and a high percentage of unmet basic needs increased the risk of death among affected infants.

Determinantes sociales adversos y riesgo para anomalías congénitas seleccionadas / Adverse social determinants and risk for congenital anomalies

Introducción. Diferentes trabajos han relacionando condiciones sociales adversas a nivel familiar y regional con resultados perinatales (mortalidad neonatal, bajo peso y prematuridad), sin embargo, pocos estudiaron el efecto de la pobreza sobre anomalías congénitas. Objetivo. Evaluar el riesgo de ocurrencia de 25 anomalías congénitas y determinantes sociales adversos según el nivel socioeconómico de la familia y de la región. Población y métodos. Estudio caso-control exploratorio, en el que se utilizaron datos del Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas (ECLAMC). La muestra consistió en 3786 recién nacidos vivos con una única malformación y 13 344 controles, seleccionados entre 546 129 nacimientos, ocurridos en 39 hospitales de Argentina durante el período 1992-2001. Se estimaron los riesgos (OR) directos, indirectos (a través de la región de residencia) y la interacción entre el nivel socioeconómico individual y residencial para cada uno de los 25 defectos congénitos. Resultados. Los defectos labio leporino con/sin paladar hendido (OR= 1,43) y comunicación interventricular (OR= 1,38) mostraron un riesgo significativamente mayor en el nivel socioeconómico más bajo. Los niveles socioeconómicos bajos se asociaron de manera significativa con una mayor frecuencia de consanguinidad parental, ancestros nativos, edad materna menor de 19 años, más de 4 embarazos, bajo número de visitas prenatales y residencia en regiones desfavorables. Conclusión. La fisura labial con o sin paladar hendido y los defectos del tabique interventricular estuvieron asociados significativamente con un nivel socioeconómico más bajo. La falta de planificación familiar, de control prenatal y la exposición a agentes ambientales o teratógenos pueden explicar estos hallazgos.

Introduction. Different studies have related familiar and regional adverse social conditions to perinatal outcome (neonatal mortality, low birth weight and prematurity); however, few studies have studied the effect of poverty on congenital anomalies. Objective. To assess the hazard ratio of 25 congenital anomalies and adverse social determinants as per the socioeconomic level of families and regions. Population and methods. Exploratory, case-control study using data from the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano deMalformaciones Congenitas, ECLAMC). The sample consisted of 3786live newborninfantswitha singlemalformation and 13 344 controls selected among 546 129 births occurred in 39 hospitals from Argentina in the 19922001 period. Both direct and indirect (residence) risks (OR) were estimated, together with the interaction between the individual and residential socioeconomic levels for each of the 25 congenital anomalies. Results.Cleft lip with/without cleft palate (OR= 1.43) and ventricular septal defect (OR= 1.38) showed a significantly higher risk in the lower socioeconomic level. Low socioeconomic levels were significantly associated with a higher frequency of parental sibship (blood relationship); native descent; maternal age younger than 19 years old; more than four pregnancies; a low number of antenatal care visits; and residence in deprived regions. Conclusion. Cleft lip with/without cleft palate and ventricular septal defects were significantly associated with a lower socioeconomic level. Lack of family planning and antenatal care; and exposure to environmental or teratogenic agents may account for these findings.

Inequidades en el diagnóstico de anomalías congénitas mayores en recién nacidos en Cali, Colombia / Inequities in the diagnosis of major congenital anomalies in newborns in Cali, Colombia

Antecedentes: Las anomalías congénitas mayores (ACM) están presentes en el 2-3 por ciento de los nacidos vivos. La mayoría de ellas diagnosticables mediante ecografía prenatal (EcoPN). Los países en desarrollo presentan inequidades en el acceso al procedimiento. Objetivos: Determinar las inequidades existentes en la realización de EcoPN en las madres de recién nacidos (RN) con ACM hospitalizados en dos unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatal (UCIN) e identificar las inequidades en el diagnóstico de ACM en las madres a quienes les fue realizada al menos una EcoPN. Métodos: Estudio transversal en RN con ACM diagnosticables por EcoPN, hospitalizados en dos UCIN de Cali, Colombia, entre 2005 y 2009. Se determinó el índice de concordancia (kappa) entre variables sociodemográficas y el diagnóstico de ACM prenatal y definitivo. Se determinaron las asociaciones entre ausencia de EcoPN y del diagnóstico de ACM con factores sociodemográficos y aseguramiento en salud. Resultados: Se incluyeron 404 casos que presentaron 573 anomalías congénitas. El 51,7 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 46,7 por ciento -56,7 por ciento) tuvieron al menos una EcoPN; de éstos el 31,1 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 24,9 por ciento -37,9 por ciento) no tuvo diagnóstico de ACM. La ausencia de EcoPN estuvo asociada a la afiliación al régimen de salud subsidiado, la no afiliación al sistema de salud, a las madres procedentes de municipios diferentes a la capital de la provincia, de otras provincias y del área rural. Hubo asociaciones similares para la ausencia de diagnóstico de alguna ACM en la EcoPN. Conclusiones: Se detectaron inequidades en la realización EcoPN y en el diagnóstico de ACM en las madres de mayor vulnerabilidad social y demográfica. Se debe mejorar el acceso a los servicios de EcoPN en Colombia para cerrar estas disparidades sociales.

Background: Major Congenital Anomalies (MCA) are present in 2-3 percent of live births. Most of these are diagnosable by prenatal ultrasound (PNUS). Developing countries have inequities in access to this screening test. Objectives: To determine existing inequities access to PNUS in mothers of newborns (NB) with MCA hospitalized in two neonatal intensive care units (NICU) and to identify inequities in the diagnosis of MCA among mothers to whom it was made at least one PNUS. Methods: Cross-sectional study in NB with MCA diagnosable by PNUS hospitalized in two NICUs of Cali, Colombia, between 2005 and 2009. The index of agreement (kappa) between prenatal diagnosis and definitive MCA was calculated. It was established associations between absence of PNUS and diagnosis of MCA with socio-demographic factors and health insurance schemes. Results: 404 cases with 573 MCA were included. 51.7 percent (95 percent CI: 46.7 percent -56.7 percent) had at least one PNUS; of these 31.1 percent (95 percent CI: 24.9 percent -37.9 percent) had no diagnosis of MCA. The absence of PNUS was associated with affiliation to the subsidized health scheme, no-affiliation to the health system, mothers from municipalities different to the capital of the province, from other provinces and from rural areas. There were similar associations for the absence of a diagnosis of MCA in PNUS. Conclusions: It was detected inequities in access to the PNUS and in diagnosis of MCA for mothers of greater social and demographic vulnerability. The access to services of PNUS in Colombia should been improved, in order to reduce these social disparities.

Anomalias congênitas em fetos bovinos abortados no Sul do Brasil / Congenital anomalies in aborted bovine fetuses in Southern Brazil

Abortos e mortes neonatais são causas importantes de perdas reprodutivas na bovinocultura. Abortos causados por anomalias congênitas são esporádicos, mas podem ocorrer de forma epidêmica. Um levantamento retrospectivo realizado no setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul incluiu 307 casos de aborto bovino submetidos de setembro de 2001 a março de 2007. Em dez casos (3,5 por cento), foram observadas anomalias congênitas, das quais, artrogripose, Amorphus globosus e fenda palatina (palatosquise) foram as mais freqüentes. Causas infecciosas foram investigadas, mas somente infecção por BVDV foi detectada por imunoistoquímica em um aborto com porencefalia.

Abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death are important causes of production losses to the livestock industry. Abortions caused by congenital anomalies may occur sporadically, or appear in epidemics. This retrospective study was conducted at Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and included 307 cases of bovine abortion submitted for diagnosis from September 2001 to March 2007. Most of them were from southern Brazil. Ten cases (3.25 percent) of congenital anomalies were seen. The most frequent congenital anomalies were artrogryposis, Amorphous globosus, and cleft palate (palatoschisis). Infectious causes were investigated, but only BVDV infection was detected by immunohistochemistry in one case, which was affected with porencephalia.