Effect of bupivacaine versus bupivacaine plus intrathecal dexmedetomidine in postoperative pain

Background: Pain is defined as "unpleasant sensory and sensory experience", associated with actual or potential tissue domage or described in terms of such damage. Objetive: To assess the effect of bupivacaine versus bupivacaine plus intrathecal dexmedetomidine in postoperative pain. Patients and method: An experimental design was made of a controlled clinical trial type, in patients scheduled for lower abdomen surgery or lower extremities. A sample of 60 patients was studied during the period from October 1 to december 15, 2018, who agreed to participate in the study through of signing consent under information. Results: It was observed that the time of the rescue analgesia was prolonged in more than 120 min in the case of dexmedetomidine when compared with bupivacaine (p<0.0001); also VAS scores at the time of analgesia rescue for the group with dexmedetomidine were 3.71 ± 1.27 and in the bupivacaine group of 5.7 ± 1.59, the difference of two pints of the VAS (p= <0.001) was significant, which demonstrates that dexmedetomidine is effective for prolong postoperative analgesia and decrease the analgesia requirements. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine at a dose of 5 ug associated with bupivacaine administered intrathecally is more Effective in postoperative analgesia compared with this substance alone in abdominal surgery inferior and lower extremities (AU)

Addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in ultrasonography-guided paravertebral blockade potentiates postoperative pain relief among patients undergoing thoracotomy / Adição de dexmedetomidina à bupivacaína em bloqueio paravertebral guiado por ultrassom potencializa o alívio da dor pós-operatória em pacientes submetidos à toracotomia

Abstract Background and objective: Thoracic paravertebral blockade is an alternative regional technique for comforting post-thoracotomy pain, thereby decreasing opioid consumption, postoperative nausea and vomiting, dizziness, respiratory depression and health care costs. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of bupivacaine and bupivacaine plus dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain score and analgesic consumption in thoracotomy patients who had undergone ultrasonography-guided paravertebral blockade. Material and method: 93 ASA I-II patients aged 18-65 years were included in the study and scheduled for thoracic surgery. Prior to anesthesia induction, the paravertebral blockade procedure was performed by an anesthetist with ultrasonography. Cases were randomly stratified into three groups. The paravertebral blockade procedure was performed with 20 mL 0.5% bupivacaine injection in Group B (n = 31) and 20 mL 0.5% bupivacaine + 1 mL dexmedetomidine (100 µg) injection in Group BD. Group C received postoperative i.v. morphine via patient-controlled analgesia without paravertebral blockade. Post-operative pain scores were recorded in the recovery room and post-operatively using a VAS. Hemodynamic parameters, adverse effects and morphine consumption were also recorded. Results: No significant difference was determined between Group B and Group C regarding intra-operative adverse effects such as bradicardia and hypotension, while these adverse effects were significantly higher in Group BD (p = 0.04). VAS scores with rest and upon movement were significantly lower in Group BD compared to Group C (p < 0.001). Total morphine consumption was significantly lower in both Group B and Group BD in comparison with Group C (p < 0.001). In Group BD, HR and MAP were lower, but this was not clinically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine lowers postoperative pain scores and morphine consumption in thoracotomy patients who receive ultrasonography guided paravertebral blockade.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivo: O bloqueio paravertebral torácico é uma técnica regional opcional para o alívio da dor pós-toracotomia, deste modo diminui o consumo de opioides, náuseas e vômitos no pós-operatório, tontura, depressão respiratória e custos com saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de bupivacaína isolada e bupivacaína + dexmedetomidina no escore de dor pós-operatória e no consumo de analgésicos em pacientes submetidos à toracotomia sob bloqueio paravertebral guiado por ultrassom. Material e método: Noventa e três pacientes, ASA I-II, com idades entre 18 e 65 anos, foram incluídos no estudo e programados para cirurgia torácica. Antes da indução anestésica, o procedimento de bloqueio paravertebral foi realizado por um anestesista com o uso de ultrassom. Os casos foram estratificados aleatoriamente em três grupos. O procedimento de bloqueio paravertebral foi realizado com injeção de 20 mL de bupivacaína a 0,5% no Grupo B (n = 31) e de 20 mL de bupivacaína a 0,5% + 1 mL de dexmedetomidina (100 µg) no Grupo BD. O Grupo C recebeu morfina intravenosa via analgesia controlada pelo paciente sem bloqueio paravertebral. Os escores de dor pós-operatória foram registrados na sala de recuperação e no pós-operatório usando a escala VAS. Parâmetros hemodinâmicos, efeitos adversos e consumo de morfina também foram registrados. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos B e C em relação a efeitos adversos intraoperatórios, como bradicardia e hipotensão, enquanto esses efeitos adversos foram significativamente maiores no Grupo BD (p = 0,04). Os escores VAS em repouso e movimento foram significativamente menores no Grupo BD em relação ao Grupo C (p < 0,001). O consumo total de morfina foi significativamente menor nos grupos B e BD em comparação com o Grupo C (p < 0,001). No Grupo BD, a frequência cardíaca e a pressão arterial média foram menores, mas esse resultado não foi clinicamente significativo (p < 0,05). Conclusão: A adição de dexmedetomidina à bupivacaína reduz os escores de dor pós-operatória e o consumo de morfina em pacientes submetidos à toracotomia sob bloqueio paravertebral guiado por ultrassom.

Protective efficacy of combined use of parecoxib and dexmedetomidine on postoperative hyperalgesia and early cognitive dysfunction after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for elderly patients

Abstract Purpose: To investigate efficacy of combined use of parecoxib and dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and early cognitive dysfunction after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for elderly patients. Methods: The present prospective randomized controlled study included a total of 80 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery during January 2016 to November 2017 in our hospital. All patients were randomly divided into 4 groups, the parecoxib group, the dexmedetomidine group, the parecoxib and dexmedetomidine combined group, and the control group. Demographic data and clinical data were collected. Indexes of heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), levels of jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjvO2) and jugular venous oxygen pressure (PjvO2) were recorded at different time points before and during the surgery. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score, Ramsay score and Visual Analogue Score (VAS) were measured. Results: Levels of both SjvO2 and PjvO2 were significantly higher in parecoxib group, dexmedetomidine group and the combined group than the control group. Meanwhile, levels of both SjvO2 and PjvO2 in the combined group were the highest. VAS scores were significantly lower in the combined group than all other groups, and total patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) pressing times within 48 h after surgery were the lowest in the combined group. Both Ramsay and MMSE scores were the highest in the combined group compared with other groups, while were the lowest in the control group. Conclusion: The combined use of parecoxib and dexmedetomidine could reduce the postoperative pain and improve the postoperative sedation and cognitive conditions of patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Efficiency of bupivacaine and association with dexmedetomidine in transversus abdominis plane block ultrasound guided in postoperative pain of abdominal surgery / Eficácia de bupivacaína e associação com dexmedetomidina em bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal guiado por ultrassom na dor após cirurgia abdominal

Abstract Background and objectives We aimed to evaluate the effect of bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine added to bupivacaine used in tranversus abdominis plane (TAP) block on postoperative pain and patient satisfaction in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Methods Patients submitted to lower abdominal surgery were enrolled in the study. After anesthesia induction, ultrasound guided TAP block was performed. TAP block was obtained with 21 mL 0.9% saline in Group C (n = 31), 20 mL 0.5% bupivacaine + 1 mL saline in Group B (n = 31), and 20 mL 0.5% bupivacaine + 1 mL dexmedetomidine (100 µg) in Group BD (n = 31). Results Visual analog scale scores were lower in Group BD compared to Group C, at all time points (p < 0.05); it was lower in group BD than in group B at 10-24 h. In Group B, it was lower than Group C at 2-8 h (p < 0.05). Total morphine consumption was lower in Group BD compared to other groups and lower in group B than in the controls (p < 0.001). Patient satisfaction was higher in Group BD than in other groups and was higher in both study groups than in the controls (p < 0.001). Nausea-vomiting scores, antiemetic requirement, or additional analgesic administration were not significant among groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions The addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine on TAP block decreased postoperative pain scores and morphine consumption; it also increased patient satisfaction in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Dexmedetomidine did not have any effect on nausea and vomiting score and antiemetic requirement.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de bupivacaína e dexmedetomidina adicionada à bupivacaína para bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal (TAP) no controle da dor e satisfação do paciente após cirurgia abdominal inferior. Métodos Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal inferior foram incluídos no estudo. Após a indução da anestesia, o bloqueio TAP guiado por ultrassom foi feito com 21 mL de solução salina a 0,9% no Grupo C (n = 31), 20 mL de bupivacaína a 0,5% + 1 mL de solução salina no Grupo B (n = 31) e 20 mL de bupivacaína a 0,5% + 1 mL de dexmedetomidina (100 µg) no grupo BD (n = 31). Resultados Os escores da escala visual analógica foram menores no Grupo BD comparado com o Grupo C em todos os tempos mensurados (p < 0,05); foi menor no Grupo BD do que no Grupo B em 10-24 horas. No Grupo B, os escores VAS foram menores do que no Grupo C em 2-8 horas (p < 0,05). O consumo total de morfina foi menor no Grupo BD em comparação com outros grupos e menor no Grupo B do que nos controles (p < 0,001). A satisfação do paciente foi maior no Grupo BD do que nos outros grupos e maior em ambos os grupos de estudo do que nos controles (p < 0,001). Os escores de náusea e vômito, necessidade de antiemético ou de analgésicos adicionais não foram significativos entre os grupos (p > 0,05). Conclusões A adição de dexmedetomidina à bupivacaína em bloqueio TAP reduziu os escores de dor e o consumo de morfina no pós-operatório, além de aumentar a satisfação em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia abdominal inferior. Dexmedetomidina não apresentou efeito sobre os escores de náusea e vômito e a necessidade de antiemético.

Effect of low dose dexmedetomidine premedication on propofol consumption in geriatric end stage renal disease patients / Efeito da pré-medicação com dose baixa de dexmedetomidina sobre o consumo de propofol em pacientes geriátricos com doença renal em estágio terminal

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Sedation in dialysis dependent end-stage renal disease patients requires caution as a result of performing high doses of sedatives and its complications. Multidrug sedation regimens might be superior and advantage on lesser drug consumption and by the way adverse events which occur easily in end-stage renal disease patients. We evaluated the effects of dexmedetomidine premedication on propofol consumption, sedation levels with Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation scores and the bispectral index and the hemodynamic changes, potential side effects in geriatric patients with end-stage renal disease who underwent hip fracture surgery under spinal anesthesia.METHOD: In this randomized, controlled, double-blind study 60 elderly patients (age ≥ 65 years) with end-stage renal disease and hip fracture scheduled for anterograde femoral intramedullary nailing were assigned to groups that received either intravenous saline infusion (Group C) or dexmedetomidine 0.5 g/kg/10 min infusion for premedication (Group D). All the patients received propofol infusion after the induction of the spinal anesthesia.RESULTS: Total propofol consumption, propofol dose required for targeted sedation levels according to Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation scores and bispectral index levels, recovery times were significantly lower in Group D (p < 0.001). The time to reach to Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation score 4 and to achieve bispectral index ≤ 80 was significantly lower in Group C compared with Group D (p < 0.001). Adverse events were similar in both groups.CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine premedication lowers intraoperative propofol consumption to maintain targeted level of sedation. Therefore low dose dexmedetomidine premedication in addition to propofol infusion might be an alternative in geriatric patients with end-stage renal disease for sedation.

RESUMOJUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: A sedação em paciente dependente de diálise com doença renal em estágio terminal (DRET) requer cautela como resultado da administração de altas doses de sedativos e suas complicações. Os regimes de sedação com múltiplas drogas podem ser superiores e vantajosos em relação ao consumo menor de drogas e aos eventos adversos que ocorrem facilmente em pacientes com DEET. Avaliamos os efeitos da pré-medicação com dexmedetomidina sobre o consumo de propofol, os níveis de sedação com os escores da Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation (OAA/S) e do índice bispectral (BIS), as alterações hemodinâmicas e os potenciais efeitos colaterais em pacientes geriátricos com DRET submetidos à cirurgia para fratura de quadril sob raquianestesia.MÉTODO: Neste estudo randômico, controlado e duplo-cego, 60 pacientes idosos (idade ≥ 65 anos), com DRET e fratura de quadril, agendados para fixação intramedular de haste femoral anterógrada foram designados para grupos para receberam infusão intravenosa de solução salina (Grupo C) ou pré-medicação com infusão de 0,5 mg kg/10 min de dexmedetomidina (DEX) (Grupo D). Todos os pacientes receberam infusão de propofol após a indução da raquianestesia.RESULTADOS: O consumo total de propofol, a dose de propofol necessária para os níveis-alvo de sedação de acordo com os escores da OAA/S, os valores do BIS e os tempos de recuperação foram significativamente menores no Grupo D (p < 0,001). O tempo para atingir o escore 4 na OAA/S e valores BIS ≤ 80 foi significativamente inferior no Grupo C em comparação com o Grupo D (p < 0,001). Os eventos adversos foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos.CONCLUSÃO: A pré-medicação com dexmedetomidina reduz o consumo de propofol no intraoperatório para manter o nível-alvo de sedação. Portanto, a pré-medicação com DEX em dose baixa em combinação com infusão de propofol pode ser uma opção para sedação em pacientes geriátricos com DRET.