Principales características de la prescripción de fármacos en ancianos del Policlínico "José Martí Pérez" / Main characteristics of drugs prescription in elderly from José Martí Pérez Polyclinic

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo de 532 pacientes dispensarizados como adultos mayores frágiles, pertenecientes a 24 consultorios médicos de la familia del Policlínico Docente José Martí Pérez del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, desde el 2014 hasta el 2015, con vistas a describir aspectos relacionados con la prescripción de medicamentos en estos ancianos. En la serie existió la polifarmacia con predominio de las féminas y la asociación de más de 2 enfermedades concomitantes favoreció su aparición. Resultó insuficiente la evaluación en consultas de geriatría para garantizar la valoración integral de los afectados. Se emplearon mayor cantidad de fármacos para afecciones del sistema osteomioarticular, seguidos de agentes con actividad cardiovascular, en tanto, prevalecieron la prescripción por más de un facultativo al mismo paciente y el poco uso de estudios tanto renales como hepáticos para evaluar y/o prevenir reacciones adversas a medicamentos, así como sus interacciones perjudiciales

A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study of 532 patients classified as frail elderly, belonging to 24 family doctor's offices of José Martí Pérez Teaching Polyclinic was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, from 2014 to 2015, aimed at describing aspects related to drug prescription in these elderly. In the series, polypharmacy existed with prevalence of women and the association of more than 2 concomitant diseases favoured its emergence. The evaluation in geriatrics services was insufficient to guarantee the comprehensive valuation of the affected patients. A higher quantity of drugs for the osteomioarticular system disorders was used, followed by agents with cardiovascular activity, while, there was a prevalence of the prescription of more than a doctor to the same patient and the little use of either renal or hepatic studies to evaluate and/or prevent adverse reactions to medications, as well as their harmful interactions

Compliance with the Prescription of Antihypertensive Medications and Blood Pressure Control in Primary Care / Conformidade da Prescrição Anti-Hipertensiva e Controle da Pressão Arterial na Atenção Básica

Abstract Background: Hypertension is the most prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and its proper control can prevent the high morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Objective: To assess the degree of compliance of antihypertensive prescriptions with the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension and the blood pressure control rate in primary care. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted between August 2011 and November 2012, including 332 adults ≥ 45 years registered in the Family Doctor Program in Niteroi and selected randomly. The analysis included the prescribed antihypertensive classes, doses, and frequencies, as well as the blood pressure (BP) of the individuals. Results: The rate of prescription compliance was 80%. Diuretics were the most prescribed medications, and dual therapy was the most used treatment. The most common non-compliances were underdosing and underfrequencies. The BP goal in all cases was < 140/90 mmHg, except for diabetic patients, in whom the goal was set at < 130/80 mmHg. Control rates according to these goals were 44.9% and 38.6%, respectively. There was no correlation between prescription compliance and BP control. Conclusions: The degree of compliance was considered satisfactory. The achievement of the targets was consistent with national and international studies, suggesting that the family health model is effective in BP management, although it still needs improvement.

Resumo Fundamento: A hipertensão arterial é o fator de risco mais prevalente para a doença cardiovascular e seu controle adequado pode prevenir a elevada morbi-mortalidade associada a esta doença. Objetivo: Avaliar o grau de conformidade das prescrições de anti-hipertensivos com as VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão e a taxa de controle pressórico na atenção básica. Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido entre agosto de 2011 e novembro de 2012, incluindo 332 adultos ≥ 45 anos cadastrados no Programa Médico de Família de Niterói e selecionados aleatoriamente. Foram analisadas as classes de anti-hipertensivos prescritos, suas doses e frequências, bem como a pressão arterial (PA) dos indivíduos. Resultados: A taxa de conformidade das prescrições foi de 80%. Diuréticos foram as medicações mais prescritas e a terapia dupla foi o tratamento mais utilizado. As não conformidades mais comuns foram subdoses e subfrequências. A meta de PA para todos os casos foi < 140/90 mmHg, exceto para diabéticos, que foi < 130/80 mmHg. As taxas de controle de acordo com essas metas foram de 44,9% e 38,6%, respectivamente. Não houve correlação entre conformidade da prescrição e controle pressórico. Conclusões: O grau de conformidade foi considerado satisfatório. O alcance das metas foi compatível com estudos nacionais e internacionais, sugerindo que o modelo de saúde da família é efetivo no manejo da PA, embora ainda necessite aprimoramento. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Prescrição de benzodiazepínicos para adultos e idosos de um ambulatório de saúde mental / Prescription of benzodiazepines for adults and older adults from a mental health clinic

Resumo Foi objetivo deste estudo comparar as prescrições de benzodiazepínicos (bzd) em adultos e idosos quanto aos indicadores do uso apropriado. Estudo transversal de coleta de dados de pacientes atendidos no Ambulatório Municipal de Saúde Mental de Sorocaba/SP, entre março e novembro de 2013. Foram utilizados indicadores de uso apropriado: medicamento apropriado, com adequada posologia e duração de uso; como também, o uso de apenas um bzd, como ansiolítico por menos de 3 meses, no tratamento da depressão com antidepressivo, uso por menos de 2 meses se associado ao antidepressivo e o não uso de bzd de longa ação em idoso. Dos 330 participantes, a maioria era mulheres, com histórico familiar de transtorno mental e uso de bzd, não realizava acompanhamento com psicólogo e fazia uso de outros psicotrópicos e de polifarmácia (p > 0,05). A minoria das prescrições tinha indicação de uso do bzd (37,5% para idosos e 32,4% para adultos) (p > 0,05). Apenas 5,8% das prescrições para idosos e 1,9% para adultos eram racionais (p > 0,05). O uso crônico foi observado em todos os adultos e idosos com transtornos depressivos e ansiosos (p > 0,05). Uma minoria das prescrições de bzd para adultos e idosos era apropriada.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare benzodiazepine (bzd) prescriptions for adults and older adults regarding appropriate use indicator. It is a cross-sectional study for collecting data on patients treated at the City’s Mental Health Clinic in Sorocaba/SP, between March and December 2013. Appropriate use indicators were used: appropriate drug, with adequate posology and period of use; as well as the use of a single bzd, as anxiolytic for less than 3 months in depression treatment with antidepressants, use for less than 2 months if associated to an antidepressant and no use of long-acting bzd in older adults. From the 330 participants, most were women, with a family history of mental disorders and bzd use, without monitoring of a psychologist and using other psychotropic and polypharmacy (p>0.05).The minority of prescriptions had indication for the use of bzd (37.5% for older adults and 32.4% for adults) (p>0.05). Only 5.8% of the prescriptions for older adults and 1.9 for adults were rational (p>0.05). The chronic use was observed in all adults and older adults with depressive and anxiety disorders (p>0.05). A minority of prescriptions for adults and older adults was appropriate.

Reacciones adversas medicamentosas y errores de prescripción: morbi-mortalidad / Adverse drug reactions and prescription errors: morbi-mortality

La farmacovigilancia tiene por objeto la detección, evaluación, comprensión y prevención de cualquier problema relacionado a las drogas. La recolección de información relacionada a reacciones adversas medicamentosas (RAM) posterior a la aprobación y el manejo del riesgo basados en los datos observacionales son críticos para la salud pública.El objetivo primario fue evaluar la morbimortalidad de las reacciones adversas medicamentosas y describir los errores médicos de prescripción en un hospital público de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo observacional. Se definió RAM como cualquier manifestación nociva, clínica y/o biológica imputable a un medicamento, que ocurra a las dosis habitualmente utilizadas en humanos para la profilaxis, diagnóstico o tratamiento de una enfermedad. La mortalidad global fue del 7% (21/310) y la atribuible a RAM observada fue del 1% (3/310). Se identificaron 149 RAMs en el 36% de los pacientes (111/310) y las RAM constituyeron el 11% (35/310) de los motivos de internación. Las RAM causan un número significativo de internaciones y son responsables de morbilidad evitable durante la internación. Ningún fármaco aislado causó más del 6% de las RAM, por lo que las estrategias para disminuirlas deben estar dirigidas a múltiples grupos farmacológicos.

Pharmacovigilance aims to detect, assess, understand and prevent any possible drug-related problem. The record of information related to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) after drug approval and risk management based on observational data are crucial for public health. The main goal was to assess the ADRs morbimortality and to describe prescription medical errors in a public hospital in the city of Buenos Aires. A prospective observational study was undertaken. ADR was defined as any clinical and/or biological noxious manifestation imputable to a drug, which occurs at the usually used dose in humans for disease prophylaxis, diagnosis or treatment. Global mortality was 7% (21/310). The observed mortality due to ADR accounted for 1% (3/310). One hundred and forty nine ADRs in 36% of patients were identified (111/310), and 11% (35/310) of the hospital admissions were due to ADRs. ADRs cause a great number of admissions and are responsible for preventable morbidity during hospitalization. Neither drug alone caused more than 6% of the ADRs. For this reason, in order to diminish ADRs, strategies should be addressed to multiple drug groups.

La evidencia científica y la intervención farmacológica preventiva en geriatría / Scientific evidence and preventive pharmacological intervention in geriatrics

Los adultos mayores constituyen un grupo poblacional que cada día va en aumento, y son ellos los que requieren mayor atención médica y los que consumen un número elevado de fármacos. Este trabajo intenta hacer una revisión sobre la prescripción de fármacos con fines preventivos en el adulto mayor según las evidencias científicas. La polifarmacia en el anciano incrementa las posibilidades de reacciones adversas a los medicamentos, interacciones entre ellos potencialmente deletéreas, aumento de los ingresos hospitalarios por esta causa y aumento de los gastos en salud. Los fármacos constituyen la primera fuente de trastornos yatrogénicos en los ancianos, atribuible a que muchas veces se indican de forma irracional y se aplican malas prácticas de prescripción sin un sustento científico sólido. Se espera contribuir a que el médico desarrolle la habilidad de prescribir el fármaco de manera eficaz, conveniente, con prudencia clínica y distancie las recomendaciones sesgadas del mercado en términos de terapéutica. Es importante mejorar la prescripción farmacológica en aras de una mejor calidad de vida en el adulto mayor

The older adults are a population group that increases every day and they require more medical care and consume a large number of drugs. This paper was intended to make a review on drug prescription for preventive purposes in the elderly on the basis of scientific evidence. The multiple drug consumption by the elderly increases the possibilities of suffering adverse reactions to drugs, potentially deleterious interactions, rise of admissions at hospital due to this problem and higher health expenses. The drugs are the first source of iatrogenic disorders in the aged people, often attributable to irrational and wrong practices of prescription without any sound scientific support. This paper was expected to contribute to developing the skill of prescribing a drug in an effective, convenient and prudent way, thus paying little attention to the market-biased recommendations in terms of therapeutics. It is important to improve drug prescription towards a better quality of life for the older people

Uso de psicofármacos en adultos mayores institucionalizados en Sector Oriente de la Región Metropolitana / Prescription of psychiatric drugs in elderly patients in nursing homes in east side of Santiago, Chile

Introducción: La población de adultos mayores (AM) ha aumentado en los últimos años en nuestro país. Ellos presentan una alta prevalencia de patologías neuropsiquiátricas. Se sabe que el hecho de institucionalizar a un AM es un factor desencadenante o mantenedor de patología psiquiátrica. En relación al tratamiento de los ancianos, es conocido que éstos son más lábiles frente a fármacos, por lo que la prescripción debe ser indicada individual y apropiadamente, sopesando los beneficios y los riesgos. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar los factores que influyen en el uso de psicofármacos en casas de reposo del sector oriente de Santiago de Chile. Metodología: Se recolectaron datos de fichas médicas de cuatro centros de la Región Metropolitana aprobados por MINSAL. Resultados: Influyen en el número de psicofármacos prescritos a los ancianos: costo mensual de la institución, número de ancianos a cargo de un funcionario de la casa de reposo, grado de autovalencia, meses institucionalizados y la edad del adulto mayor. Discusión: Los AM institucionalizados tienen una alta prevalencia de diagnósticos psiquiátricos (74,7 por ciento), así como indicación de psicofármacos (75,3 por ciento). Hay factores distintos al diagnóstico que influyen en el número de psicofármacos que se indican al AM.

Introduction: Elderly population has increased in Chile in the past years. Elderly people show a high prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders. It is known that institutionalization of an elderly person is a triggering factor or a maintenance factor for psychiatric disorders. It is also known that old people have greater liability to present side effects of medications, thus the importance of individual appropriate prescription, considering benefits and risks. The objective of this study is to evaluate factors affecting the use of psychiatric drugs in nursing homes in the east side of the city of Santiago, Chile. Method: Data was obtained from the medical record of patients from four centers located in the city, all of them certified by the Ministry of Health. Results: Factors affecting the number of psychiatric drugs prescribed are: cost of the nursing home, number of elderly patients per caregiver at the nursing home, time elapsed since date of institutionalization, age and degree of self care capacity of elderly patients. Discussion: Elderly patients in nursing homes have a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders (74,7 percent), and also of psychiatric drug prescription(75,3 percent). There are factors other than the diagnosis, that affect the number of different psychiatric drugs prescribed to the elderly patient.

Surtimiento de recetas a los afiliados al Seguro Popular de Salud de México / Dispensing prescriptions to persons affiliated with Popular Health Insurance in Mexico

OBJETIVO: Medir y comparar el porcentaje de recetas surtidas completamente a los usuarios de servicios ambulatorios y de los hospitales generales de los Servicios Estatales de Salud de México (SESA) afiliados y no afiliados al Seguro Popular de Salud (SPS) según condición de aseguramiento, además de medir la satisfacción de los usuarios de los SESA con el acceso a los medicamentos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La información del estudio procede de cuatro encuestas de unidades ambulatorias y hospitalarias de los SESA que contaron con muestras probabilísticas de representatividad estatal. Las muestras de las unidades ambulatorias se seleccionaron mediante estratificación por nivel de atención y por condición de pertenencia a la red de servicios del SPS. RESULTADOS: Los hallazgos indican que el porcentaje de recetas completamente surtidas ha mejorado en las unidades ambulatorias de los SESA, sobre todo en aquellas que ofrecen servicios a los afiliados al SPS y que alcanzan porcentajes de casi 90 por ciento. Estos porcentajes, sin embargo, siguen siendo inferiores a los de las unidades ambulatorias de las instituciones de seguridad social. Los porcentajes de recetas surtidas en las unidades hospitalarias de los SESA también han mejorado, pero siguen siendo relativamente bajos. En casi todas las entidades federativas, conforme se ha incrementado el porcentaje de surtimiento completo de recetas, ha aumentado la satisfacción de los usuarios con el acceso a los medicamentos. CONCLUSIONES: En 2006, más de 50 por ciento de las entidades federativas presentaron altos niveles de surtimiento completo de recetas entre los afiliados al SPS (>90 por ciento). El mayor problema en este sentido se encuentra en los hospitales, ya que sólo 44 por ciento de los usuarios que recibieron una prescripción en los hospitales de los SESA en 2006 obtuvieron el surtimiento completo de sus recetas. Este hallazgo obliga a revisar la política de medicamentos del SPS, que ha privilegiado...

OBJECTIVE: Measure and compare the percentage of prescriptions fully dispensed to persons with and without Popular Health Insurance (SPS in Spanish) who use ambulatory and general hospital services associated with the Mexico State Health Services (SESA in Spanish), and taking into account insurance status. SESA user satisfaction was also measured with respect to access to medication. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Information for the study was taken from four surveys of SESA ambulatory and hospital units that included probabilistic samples with state representativity. Samples of ambulatory units were selected by stratification according to level of care and association to the SPS service network. RESULTS: The findings indicate that the percentage of prescriptions fully dispensed in SESA ambulatory units has improved, reaching approximately 90 percent, especially among those units offering services to persons affiliated with SPS. Nevertheless, these percentages continue to be lower than those of ambulatory units associated with social security institutions. Percentages of prescriptions fully dispensed have also improved in SESA hospital units, but continue to be relatively low. In nearly all states, as the percentage of prescriptions fully dispensed has increased, user satisfaction with access to medication has also improved. CONCLUSIONS: In 2006 more than 50 percent of the states had high levels of fully dispensed prescriptions among persons with SPS (>90 percent). The more significant problem exists among hospitals, since only 44 percent of users who received a prescription in SESA hospitals in 2006 had their prescriptions fully dispensed. This finding requires a review of SPS medication policies, which have favored highly prescribed low-cost medications at ambulatory services at the expense of higher cost and more therapeutically effective medications for hospital care, the latter having a greater impact on household budgets.