Análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de las campañas argentinas de prevención de cáncer de mama difundidas mediante imágenes fijas en redes sociales durante octubre del 2019 / Quantitative and qualitative analysis of Argentine breast cancer prevention campaigns disseminated by still images on social networks during October 2019

Objetivos. Documentar cuantitativamente el grado de concordancia con las recomendaciones del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (INC) de los mensajes institucionales emitidos en redes sociales de Argentina durante octubre de 2019, en el contexto de las campañas de prevención del cáncer mamario, y analizar cualitativamente los elementos icónicos y textuales que conforman sus piezas de difusión. Materiales y métodos. Análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de 171 piezas de difusión emitidas durante octubre de 2019 por 54 instituciones, a partir de la evaluación de su concordancia con las recomendaciones del INC, la descripción de las principales recomendaciones discordantes (análisis cuantitativo) y el análisis cualitativo de 30 piezas. Resultados. Ninguno de los mensajes emitidos mencionó potenciales daños del tamizaje. Solamente los del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación fueron totalmente concordantes con las recomendaciones del INC, mientras que los restantes recomendaban realizar mamografías a edades más tempranas o a intervalos más breves. El autoexamen mamario fue la recomendación más frecuente entre las discordantes. Predominaron las imágenes de cuerpos femeninos vinculadas con los estereotipos predominantes de género y belleza, y los discursos paternalistas que apelan al miedo y a la culpa. Conclusiones. Los mensajes emitidos en las piezas de difusión analizadas no fueron concordantes con las recomendaciones del INC, a pesar de que estas últimas están respaldadas por evidencia científica. Por otro lado, los mensajes refuerzan los estereotipos de género y belleza, la culpa y el modelo médico-hegemónico.

Objectives. To quantitatively document the degree of compliance of institutional messages broadcast on social networks with the recommendations of the National Cancer Institute (INC) in Argentina during October 2019, in the context of breast cancer prevention campaigns, and to qualitatively analyze the pictorial and textual elements that make up their dissemination pieces. Materials and methods. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of 171 dissemination pieces issued during October 2019 by 54 institutions, based on the evaluation of their compliance with INC recommendations, the description of the main discordant recommendations (quantitative analysis) and the qualitative analysis of 30 pieces. Results. None of the issued messages mentioned potential screening harms. Only the messages of the National Ministry of Health complied completely with the INC recommendations, while the remaining ones recommended mammograms at younger ages or at shorter intervals. Breast self-examination was the most frequent recommendation among those who didn't comply. The images of female bodies linked to common stereotypes of sex and beauty, and paternalistic discourses appealing to fear and guilt were predominant. Conclusions. The messages broadcasted in the analyzed diffusion pieces did not comply with the INC recommendations, despite the fact that the latter are supported by scientific evidence. On the other hand, the messages reinforce sex and beauty stereotypes, guilt and the medical-hegemonic model.

Screening de lesiones orales malignas y potencialmente malignas en funcionarios de Universidad de Valparaíso y Universidad Viña del Mar durante los años 2016 - 2017 / Screening of malignant and potentially malignant oral lesions in employee of the University of Valparaíso and the University of Viña del Mar during 2016 - 2017

El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de lesiones orales malignas y potencialmente malignas (LPM) en funcionarios de la Universidad de Valparaíso y de Viña del Mar durante los años 2016 - 2017. Fueron citados 161 funcionarios, quienes accedieron a una encuesta que evaluaba factores de riesgo de cáncer oral (tabaco y alcohol) y si habían escuchado de la patología, sumado a un examen clínico. De los pacientes examinados, se diagnosticaron 121 lesiones de las cuales 2 fueron diagnosticadas como lesiones potencialmente malignas: Liquen plano y Leucoplasia, con una prevalencia de 1,7 %. El 50,3 % de los pacientes sabía de la existencia de cáncer oral. El Screening es una medida que permite dar a conocer a la población la existencia de cáncer oral y alertarlos sobre la importancia de su examen para su identificación de manera temprana.

The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of malignant and potentially malignant oral lesions (PML) in University of Valparaíso and Viña del Mar employees, during the years 2016 - 2017. We cited 161 employees, who accessed a survey evaluating risk factors for oral cancer (tobacco and alcohol) and if they had heard of the disease. In addition, a clinical examination was carried out. Of the patients examined, 121 lesions were diagnosed, of which 2 were diagnosed as potentially malignant lesions: Lichen planus and Leukoplakia, with a prevalence of 1.6 %. 50.3 % of patients knew of the existence of oral cancer. Epidemiological designs are needed to better establish causality between risk factors and malignant or, potentially malignant lesions.

Prostate cancer screening among elderly men in Brazil: should we diagnose or not?

ABSTRACT Purpose: Prostate cancer screening in the elderly is controversial. The Brazilian government and the National Cancer Institute (INCA) do not recommend systematic screening. Our purpose was to assess prevalence and aggressiveness of prostate cancer in men aged 70 years and above, on the first Latin American database to date. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study (n=17,571) from 231 municipalities, visited by Mobile Cancer Prevention Units of a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) based opportunistic screening program, between 2004 and 2007. The criteria for biopsy were: PSA>4.0ng/ml, or PSA 2.5-4.0ng/ml with free/total PSA ratio ≤15%, or suspicious digital rectal examination findings. The screened men were stratified in two age groups (45-69 years, and ≥70 years). These groups were compared regarding prostate cancer prevalence and aggressiveness criteria (PSA, Gleason score from biopsy and TNM staging). Results: The prevalence of prostate cancer found was 3.7%. When compared to men aged 45-69 years, individuals aged 70 years and above presented cancer prevalence about three times higher (prevalence ratio 2.9, p<0.01), and greater likelihood to present PSA level above 10.0ng/ml at diagnosis (odds ratio 2.63, p<0.01). The group of elderly men also presented prevalence of histologically aggressive disease (Gleason 8-10) 3.6 times higher (p<0.01), and 5-fold greater prevalence of metastases (PR 4.95, p<0.05). Conclusions: Prostate cancer screening in men aged over 70 may be relevant in Brazil, considering the absence of systematic screening, higher prevalence and higher probability of high-risk disease found in this age range of the population studied.

Access of the patient to the cancer network under the "Sixty-Day Law": Integrative Review / Acceso del paciente a la red oncológica en la vigencia de la "Ley de los Sesenta Días": Revisión Integrativa / Acesso do paciente à rede oncológica na vigência da "Lei dos Sessenta Dias": Revisão Integrativa

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze Brazilian scientific production on patient access to the oncology network under the "Sixty-Day Law". Methods: integrative review of the literature in the databases Lilacs, PubMed and Scielo. The descriptors used were: neoplasms, health services accessibility, early detection of cancer. Articles published from 2015 to March 2019 were included. Results: 17 articles were analyzed and four themes emerged: inequality in access; qualification of Primary Care professionals; time as a determinant factor; information system as limiting factor. Conclusions: the access to the oncology network is unequal and there are several barriers faced by the users. A continuing education of health professionals is necessary to implement preventive strategies. Treatment initiation is late, showing non-compliance with the law. The health care network is highly fragmented, there is lack of coordination between the services and, consequently, there is a lack of patient follow-up.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la producción científica brasileña sobre la accesibilidad del paciente a la red oncológica, según la vigencia de la "Ley de los Sesenta Días". Métodos: se trata de una revisión integradora llevada a cabo según las bases de datos: Lilacs, PubMed y Scielo. Se utilizaron los descriptores: neoplasias, accesibilidad del servicio de salud y diagnóstico precoz del cáncer. Se incluyeron artículos publicados desde 2015 hasta marzo de 2019. Resultados: se analizaron 17 artículos, de los cuales surgieron cuatro temas: desigualdad en la accesibilidad; capacitación del profesional en la Atención Primaria; el tiempo como factor determinante; el sistema de información como factor limitador. Conclusiones: la accesibilidad de la red oncológica es desigual ya que hay muchas barreras que los usuarios deben enfrentar. La formación continua de los profesionales de la salud es imprescindible para poner en marcha estrategias preventivas. El inicio del tratamiento suele retrasarse, lo que demuestra la fragilidad en la aplicación de la legislación. Se observa la fragmentación de la red asistencial, la falta de articulación entre los servicios y como consecuencia, la falta de seguimiento de los pacientes.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a produção científica brasileira sobre o acesso do paciente à rede oncológica na vigência da "Lei dos Sessenta Dias". Métodos: revisão integrativa realizada por meio das bases de dados: Lilacs, PubMed e Scielo. Os descritores utilizados foram: neoplasias, acesso ao serviço de saúde e diagnóstico precoce de câncer. Foram incluídos artigos publicados de 2015 a março de 2019. Resultados: foram analisados 17 artigos, dos quais emergiram quatro temas: desigualdade no acesso; a qualificação do profissional na Atenção Primária; o tempo como fator determinante; o sistema de informação como fator limitante. Conclusões: o acesso à rede oncológica é desigual, há várias barreiras enfrentadas pelos usuários. É necessária a educação permanente do profissional de saúde para lançar estratégias preventivas. O início do tratamento é tardio, demonstrando fragilidade na aplicação da legislação. Percebe-se que há fragmentação da rede de atenção, falta articulação entre os serviços e, consequentemente, há falta de monitoramento do paciente.

Prostate cancer screening in low- and middle- income countries: the Mexican case / Tamizaje para cáncer de próstata en países de bajos y medianos ingresos: el caso mexicano

Abstract: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based early detection for prostate cancer is the subject of intense debate. Implementation of organized prostate cancer screening has been challenging, in part because the PSA test is so amenable to opportunistic screening. To the extent that access to cancer screening tests increases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is an urgent need to thoughtfully evaluate existing and future cancer screening strategies to ensure benefit and control costs. We used Mexico's prostate cancer screening efforts to illustrate the challenges LMICs face. We provide five considerations for policymakers for a smarter approach and implementation of PSA-based screening.

Resumen : El uso del Antígeno Prostático Específico (APE) para tamizaje para cáncer de próstata sigue siendo tema de amplio debate. La implementación de estrategias de tamiz organizado de cáncer de próstata ha sido un reto en parte porque la prueba de APE se presta para detección oportunista. A medida que aumenta el acceso a las pruebas de detección de cáncer en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos (PIBM), existe la necesidad urgente de evaluar cuidadosamente las estrategias actuales y futuras de detección oportuna de cáncer para garantizar su beneficio y controlar sus costos. Utilizamos los esfuerzos de tamizaje de cáncer de próstata de México para ilustrar los retos para PIBM. Ofrecemos cinco consideracio nes dirigidas a tomadores de decisión que permitan contar con estrategias racionales de implementación de tamizaje para cáncer de próstata basado en el uso de APE.

Programa multicéntrico de cribado de cáncer colorrectal en Chile / Results of a multicentric colorectal cancer screening program in Chile

Background: Colorectal Cancer Screening Programs (CRCSP) are widely accepted in developed countries. Unfortunately, financial restrictions, low adherence rate and variability on colonoscopy standardization hamper the implementation of CRCSP in developing countries. Aim: To analyze a multicentric pilot model of CRCSP in Chile. Material and Methods: A prospective model of CRCSP was carried out in three cities, from 2012 to 2015. The model was based on CRC risk assessment and patient education. Health care personnel were trained about logistics and protocols. The endoscopy team was trained about colonoscopy standards. A registered nurse was the coordinator in each center. We screened asymptomatic population aged between 50 and 75 years. Immunological fecal occult blood test (FIT) was offered to all participants. Subjects with positive FIT underwent colonoscopy. Results: A total of 12,668 individuals were enrolled, with a FIT compliance rate of 93.9% and 2,358 colonoscopies were performed. Two hundred and fifty high-risk adenomas and 110 cancer cases were diagnosed. One patient died before treatment due to cardiovascular disease, 74 patients (67%) underwent endoscopic resection and 35 had surgical treatment. Ninety one percent of patients had an early stage CRC (0-I-II). Among colonoscopy indicators, 80% of cases had an adequate bowel preparation (Boston > 6), cecal intubation rate was 97.7%, adenoma detection rate was 36.5%, and in 94.5% of colonoscopies, withdrawal time was adequate (> 8 min). Conclusions: This CRCS pilot model was associated to a high rate of FIT return and colonoscopy quality standards. Most CRCs detected with the program were treated by endoscopic resection.

Motivos da não realização da mamografia por mulheres com idades entre 60 e 69 anos / Reasons for not performing mammography for women between 60 and 69 years of age

Objetivou-se com este estudo, compreender os motivos da não realização da mamografia por mulheres idosas. Pesquisa qualitativa realizada com 13 idosas entre 60 e 69 anos, que nunca realizaram a mamografia. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de quatro grupos focais. Os resultados foram organizados em categorias temáticas e discutidos à luz da literatura. As idosas revelaram que entre os motivos para não realizar a mamografia encontra-se a dificuldade de acesso aos serviços de saúde, as crenças relacionadas ao cuidado com as mamas, o constrangimento e o medo do desconforto durante a realização do exame. Considerando-se as barreiras institucionais e pessoais, que limitam a realização da mamografia, ressalta-se a necessidade de ações profissionais que possam aumentar a utilização desse exame para o rastreamento do câncer de mama.

This study aimed to understand the reasons for not doing a mammography among older women. Qualitative research was conducted with 13 elderly women between 60 and 69 years of age who had never done a mammography. Data collection was carried out through four focus groups. The results were organized into thematic categories and discussed considering the literature. These women revealed that among the reasons for not doing a mammography there is the difficulty in access to health services, beliefs related to the care of the breasts, and the embarrassment and fear of discomfort during the exam. Considering the institutional and personal barriers that keep women from undergoing mammography, the need is emphasized for professional actions that can increase the use of mammography to screen for breast cancer.

Rendimiento de la mamografía espectral de energía dual con contraste en la detección de cáncer de mama: experiencia en un centro de referencia / Contrast-enhanced spectral mammography: experience in 465 examinations

Background: Contrast-enhanced spectral mammography or "contrast mammography" has a better cost effectiveness than breast magnetic resonance for confirmation of suspicious lesions detected on breast screening programs. Aim: To report the experience of a single center in Santiago. Material and Methods: All patients referred for contrast mammography between July 2015 and October 2017 were studied. We recorded the patient risk factors for breast cancer. In 85 patients with suspicious lesions, biopsy results were available. Results: We analyzed 465 contrast mammographies. The most common clinical indications were suspicion of cancer and previous inconclusive studies. Mass type lesions were detected in 33% of the studies. Non-mass-type lesions were observed in 10% of cases and findings compatible with papillomatosis in 2%. Fifty five percent of the studies had no visible lesions. In the 85 patients with a pathological study of the biopsy, the sensitivity of the contrast mammography was 100%, with a diagnostic accuracy of 85%, positive and negative predictive values of 82 and 100% respectively. Conclusions: Contrast mammography can be of great use for the assessment of patients with an altered conventional mammography, before indicating a magnetic resonance imaging or a percutaneous biopsy.

Diretrizes para detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil. II - Novas recomendações nacionais, principais evidências e controvérsias / Directrices para la detección precoz del cáncer de mama en Brasil. II - Nuevas recomendaciones nacionales, principales evidencias y controversias / Guidelines for early detection of breast cancer in Brazil. II - New national recommendations, main evidence, and controversies

Resumo: O câncer de mama é a principal causa de morte por câncer em mulheres no Brasil. As novas diretrizes para detecção precoce no Brasil foram elaboradas com base em revisões sistemáticas da literatura sobre riscos e possíveis benefícios de diversas estratégias de detecção precoce. O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar as recomendações e atualizar a síntese de evidências, discutindo as principais controvérsias existentes. As recomendações para o rastreamento do câncer de mama (mulheres assintomáticas) foram: (i) recomendação contrária forte ao rastreamento com mamografia em mulheres com menos de 50 anos; (ii) recomendação favorável fraca ao rastreamento com mamografia em mulheres com idades entre 50 e 69 anos; (iii) recomendação contrária fraca ao rastreamento com mamografia em mulheres com idades entre 70 e 74 anos; (iv) recomendação contrária forte ao rastreamento com mamografia em mulheres com 75 anos ou mais; (v) recomendação favorável forte de que o rastreamento nas faixas etárias recomendadas seja bienal, quando comparada às periodicidades menores do que a bienal; (vi) recomendação contrária fraca ao ensino do autoexame das mamas para rastreamento; (vii) ausência de recomendação favorável ou contrária ao rastreamento com exame clínico das mamas; e (viii) recomendação contrária forte ao rastreamento com ressonância nuclear magnética, ultrassonografia, termografia ou tomossíntese, seja isoladamente, seja como complemento à mamografia. As recomendações para o diagnóstico precoce do câncer de mama (mulheres com sinais ou sintomas suspeitos) foram: (i) recomendação favorável fraca à implementação de estratégias de conscientização para o diagnóstico precoce do câncer de mama; (ii) recomendação favorável fraca ao uso de sinais e sintomas selecionados nas presentes diretrizes como critério de referência urgente para serviços de diagnóstico mamário; e (iii) recomendação favorável fraca de que toda a avaliação diagnóstica do câncer de mama, após a identificação de sinais e sintomas suspeitos na atenção primária, seja feita em um mesmo centro de referência.

Resumen: El cáncer de mama es la principal causa de muerte por cáncer en mujeres en Brasil. Las nuevas directrices para la detección precoz en Brasil fueron elaboradas basándose en revisiones sistemáticas de la literatura sobre riesgos y posibles beneficios de diversas estrategias de detección precoz. El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar las recomendaciones y actualizar la síntesis de evidencias, discutiendo las principales controversias existentes. Las recomendaciones para el tamizaje del cáncer de mama (mujeres asintomáticas) fueron: (i) fuerte recomendación contraria al tamizaje con mamografía en mujeres con menos de 50 años; (ii) baja recomendación favorable al tamizaje con mamografía en mujeres con edades entre 50 y 69 años; (iii) baja recomendación contraria al tamizaje con mamografía en mujeres con edades entre 70 y 74 años; (iv) fuerte recomendación contraria al tamizaje con mamografía en mujeres con 75 años o más; (v) fuerte recomendación favorable de que el tamizaje en las franjas etarias recomendadas sea bienal, cuando se compara con periodicidades menores a la bienal; (vi) baja recomendación contraria a la enseñanza del autoexamen de las mamas para tamizaje; (vii) ausencia de recomendación favorable o contraria al tamizaje con examen clínico de las mamas; y (viii) fuerte recomendación contraria al tamizaje con resonancia magnética nuclear, ultrasonografía, termografía o tomosíntesis, bien sea aisladamente, bien sea como complemento a la mamografía. Las recomendaciones para el diagnóstico precoz del cáncer de mama (mujeres con señales o síntomas sospechosos): (i) baja recomendación favorable a la implementación de estrategias de concienciación para el diagnóstico precoz del cáncer de mama; (ii) baja recomendación favorable al uso de señales y síntomas seleccionados en las presentes directrices como criterio de referencia urgente para servicios de diagnóstico mamario; y (iii) baja recomendación favorable de que toda la evaluación diagnóstica del cáncer de mama, tras la identificación de señales y síntomas sospechosos en la atención primaria, sea realizada en un mismo centro de referencia.

Abstract: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in Brazilian women. The new Brazilian guidelines for early detection of breast cancer were drafted on the basis of systematic literature reviews on the possible harms and benefits of various early detection strategies. This article aims to present the recommendations and update the summary of evidence, discussing the main controversies. Breast cancer screening recommendations (in asymptomatic women) were: (i) strong recommendation against mammogram screening in women under 50 years of age; (ii) weak recommendation for mammogram screening in women 50 to 69 years of age; (iii) weak recommendation against mammogram screening in women 70 to 74 years of age; (iv) strong recommendation against mammogram screening in women 75 years or older; (v) strong recommendation that screening in the recommended age brackets should be every two years as opposed to shorter intervals; (vi) weak recommendation against teaching breast self-examination as screening; (vii) absence of recommendation for or against screening with clinical breast examination; and (viii) strong recommendation against screening with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, thermography, or tomosynthesis alone or as a complement to mammography. The recommendations for early diagnosis of breast cancer (in women with suspicious signs or symptoms) were: (i) weak recommendation for the implementation of awareness-raising strategies for early diagnosis of breast cancer; (ii) weak recommendation for use of selected signs and symptoms in the current guidelines as the criterion for urgent referral to specialized breast diagnosis services; and (iii) weak recommendation that every breast cancer diagnostic workup after the identification of suspicious signs and symptoms in primary care should be done in the same referral center.

Epidemiological science and cancer control

Epidemiological methods are essential for the discovery of cancer risks and prognostic factors as well as for the evaluation of cancer prevention measures. In this review, we discuss epidemiological surveillance procedures for data collection and processing to guide and evaluate the consequences of anticancer efforts for populations, assess the identification of cancer risk factors, examine barriers to cancer screening and recommended rules for early diagnosis programs. Epidemiological studies have shown that hindrances to cancer information assessment are currently encountered in developing countries. Known cancer risk factors include social determinants, lifestyle factors, occupational exposures, infectious agents, and genetic and epigenetic alterations. Challenges remain in studying the effectiveness of cancer screening; screening can have detrimental effects, and few cancers clearly benefit from screening. Currently, epidemiology faces the challenge of dealing with distinct levels of data, including factors related to social status, lifestyle and genetics, to reconstruct the causal traits of cancer. Additionally, translating epidemiological knowledge into cancer control demands more implementation studies in the population.

Effectiveness of breast cancer screening policies in countries with medium-low incidence rates

ABSTRACT Chile has lower breast cancer incidence rates compared to those in developed countries. Our public health system aims to perform 10 biennial screening mammograms in the age group of 50 to 69 years by 2020. Using a dynamic programming model, we have found the optimal ages to perform 10 screening mammograms that lead to the lowest lifetime death rate and we have evaluated a set of fixed inter-screening interval policies. The optimal ages for the 10 mammograms are 43, 47, 51, 54, 57, 61, 65, 68, 72, and 76 years, and the most effective fixed inter-screening is every four years after the 40 years. Both policies respectively reduce lifetime death rate in 6.4% and 5.7% and the cost of saving one life in 17% and 9.3% compared to the 2020 Chilean policy. Our findings show that two-year inter-screening interval policies are less effective in countries with lower breast cancer incidence; thus we recommend screening policies with a wider age range and larger inter-screening intervals for Chile.

Rastreamento do câncer de mama no Brasil: uma avaliação da oferta e utilização da rede assistencial do Sistema Único de Saúde no período 2010-2012 / Tamizaje masivo de cáncer de mama en Brasil: una evaluación de la red de oferta y uso de los servicios del Sistema Único de Salud entre 2010-2012 / Breast cancer screening in Brazil: an assessment of supply and use of Brazilian National Health System health care network for the period 2010-2012

OBJETIVO: avaliar a oferta e utilização de procedimentos de detecção precoce, diagnóstico e cirurgias para câncer de mama no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). MÉTODOS: pesquisa avaliativa, com dados dos Sistemas de Informações Ambulatoriais e Hospitalares do SUS, e do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde; calcularam-se indicadores de oferta e utilização dos serviços no Brasil e grandes regiões, para 2010-2012. RESULTADOS: a razão entre mamógrafos e população feminina/100 mil permaneceu estável (1,5), variando de 1,0 na região Norte a 2,0 na Sul; a razão entre mamografias e população feminina/100 mil aumentou em todas as regiões; verificou-se baixa proporção de procedimentos diagnósticos em relação ao estimado (biópsia; 11,5%; punção por agulha grossa, 16,6% em mulheres de 50-69 anos); a capacidade instalada diminuiu mas a produção aumentou, e a oferta disponível (3.995.627) foi inferior à necessária para cobertura de 70% (7.785.415). CONCLUSÃO: há desigualdades na oferta e utilização dos procedimentos, segundo regiões do país, sendo crítico o acesso ao diagnóstico.

OBJETIVO: evaluar la oferta y uso de procedimientos de detección precoz, diagnóstico y cirugía de cáncer de mama en el Sistema Único de Salud. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo con datos de los Sistemas de Información Ambulatorios, Hospitalarios y Registros Nacionales de Establecimientos de Salud; se calcularon indicadores de oferta y utilización de servicios en Brasil y regiones de 2010-2012. RESULTADOS: la razón máquina mamográfica y población femenina/100.000 se mantuvo estable (1,5) variando de 1,0 en la región norte y 2,0 en el Sur; la razón de mamografías y población femenina/100.000 aumentaron en todas las regiones; se constató baja proporción de procedimientos diagnósticos en relación con lo estimado (biopsia, 11,5%; punción con aguja gruesa, 16,6%); la capacidad instalada disminuyó, aunque la producción ha aumentado; la oferta disponible (3.995.627) fue menor que la requerida para una cobertura al 70% (7.785.415). CONCLUSIÓN: existen desigualdades en la oferta y uso de procedimientos en el pais y es deficiente el acceso diagnóstico.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the supply and use of procedures for early detection, diagnosis and surgeries of breast cancer in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). METHODS: descriptive study using data from SUS Ambulatory Care and Hospital Information Systems, and from the National Register of Health Care Facilities; the indicators of supply and use of these services in Brazil and its macroregions for 2010-2012 were calculated. RESULTS: the ratio mammography equipment and female population/100 thousand remained stable (1.5), ranging from 1.0 in the North region to 2.0 in the South; the ratio mammograms and female population/100 thousand increased in all macroregions; there was a low proportion of diagnostic procedures when compared to the estimates (biopsy, 11.5%; core biopsy, 16.6% in women aged 50-69 years); the installed capacity decreased, however the production increased, and the supply (3,995,627) was below the necessary to cover 70% (7,785,415). CONCLUSION: there are inequalities in supply and use of the procedures in the Brazilian regions, and the access to diagnosis is worrisome.

Regional and Socioeconomic Differences in the Coverage of the Papanicolau Test in Brazil: Data from the Brazilian Health Survey 2013 / Diferenças regionais e socioeconômicas na cobertura do exame Papanicolau no Brasil: Dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the coverage of the Papanicolaou test in Brazil and the associated factors. Methods Cross-sectional study based on data from the Brazilian Health Survey 2013 comprising the proportion of 25- to 64-year-old women who had undergone a Papanicolaou test within the previous 3 years, categorized by sociodemographic variables and access to healthcare services. Results The screening coverage in Brazil was of 79.4% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 78.4-80.3), showing significant differences between the different states of the country, with the highest rate in the state of Roraima (86.5; 95%CI: 83.5-89.4), and the lowestone in the state ofMaranhão (67.7; 95%CI: 61.3-74.0).Undergoing the test was significantlymore frequent amongmarriedwomen (83.6%; 95%CI: 82.4-84.8), those with higher educational levels (88.7%; 95%CI: 87.0-90.5), of white ethnicity (82.6%; 95%CI: 81.3-83.9) and who reside in urban areas (80.1%; 95%CI: 79.1-81.2). Those who had undergone the test more than three years prior to the survey and the ones who had never undergone it were associated with a lower level of education, being of black or brown ethnicity, single or divorced, and rural dwellers. Conclusions The coverage of cervical cancer screening in Brazil is below the recommended rate and presents regional and sociodemographic disparities.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a cobertura do exame Papanicolau no Brasil e os fatores associados. Métodos Estudo transversal a partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013 relativos à proporção de mulheres de 25 a 64 anos que realizaram pelo menos um exame Papanicolau nos últimos 3 anos, categorizados por variáveis sociodemográficas e de acesso aos serviços de saúde. Resultados A cobertura do rastreio foi de 79,4% no Brasil (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 78,4-80,3), comdiferença significativa entre as unidades federativas, sendo maior no estado de Roraima (86,5%; IC95%: 83,5-89,4) e menor noMaranhão (67,7%; IC95%: 61,3- 74,0). A realização do exame foi significativamente maior entre as mulheres casadas (83,6%; IC 95%: 82,4-84,8), com nível de instrução mais elevado (88,7%; IC95%: 87,0-90,5), de etnia branca (82,6%; IC95%: 81,3-83,9), e que residem em área urbana (80,1%; IC95%: 79,1-81,2). As que realizaram o exame havia mais de 3 anos e as que nunca realizaram estiveramassociadas a menor nível de instrução, a mulheres negras e pardas, a ser solteira ou separada, e a moradoras de área rural. Conclusões A cobertura do rastreio para o câncer e colo de útero no Brasil temproporção abaixo da recomendada, e apresenta disparidades regionais e sociodemográficas.

Risk factors of breast cancer and knowledge about the disease: an integrative revision of Latin American studies / Fatores de risco do câncer de mama e o conhecimento sobre a doença: revisão integrativa de estudos Latino Americanos

Abstract The aim of this integrative review was to compare Latin American literature about risk and knowledge on breast cancer. Of 47 studies selected, 20 were about knowledge or awareness and 27 about risk of breast cancer. English was the dominant language in studies about risk, whereas studies about knowledge were mainly written in Spanish or Portuguese. Studies about knowledge were all cross- sectional, whereas case- control studies dominated authors’ interest about risk of breast cancer. Studies about knowledge were mainly focused on early detection of the disease and the most common study objective was breast self- examination (N = 14). In contrast, few studies about risk of breast cancer focused on early detection (N = 5). Obesity and overweight (N = 14), family history (N = 13), decreased parity (N = 12), and short breastfeeding duration (N = 10) were among the most frequent identified risk factors. Socio- economic factors such as income and educational level had variable effects on breast cancer risk and affected also knowledge of women about risk factors and early detection. Present results indicated that studies about risk of breast cancer were more often based on a better sound analytical background, compared to studies about knowledge, which were mostly descriptive.

Resumo Esta revisão teve por objetivo comparar a literatura Latino-Americana sobre o conhecimento da neoplasia mamária e seus fatores de risco. Foram selecionados 47 estudos, dos quais 27 eram sobre o risco de desenvolver câncer de mama e 20 sobre o conhecimento ou a consciência sobre a doença. Os estudos sobre fatores de risco eram principalmente do tipo caso-controle e sua maioria estava no idioma Inglês. Já as pesquisas sobre conhecimento eram, sobretudo, do tipo transversal e foram publicadas nos idiomas Português e Espanhol. As pesquisas sobre conhecimento destacaram o diagnóstico precoce da neoplasia mamária, e o autoexame da mama foi o método de detecção mais abordado (N = 14). Por outro lado, os estudos sobre fatores de risco avaliaram, principalmente, sobrepeso (N = 14), historia familiar (N = 13), baixa paridade (N = 12) e curto período de amamentação (N = 10). Fatores socioeconômicos, como a renda e o nível educacional tiveram efeitos variáveis e afetaram também o conhecimento das mulheres sobre fatores de risco e detecção precoce. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que os estudos sobre fatores de risco do câncer de mama apresentaram melhor delineamento metodológico e fundamentação teórica, comparado com os estudos sobre conhecimento que foram na maioria dos casos descritivos.

Early detection of breast cancer in Brazil: data from the National Health Survey, 2013 / Detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil: dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze whether the actions of early detection of breast cancer, initiated with the medical request for mammography, differ between users of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) and those who have private health insurance. METHODS From the data collected in the National Health Survey, we estimated the proportions of women who had medical request for mammography according to presence or absence of private health insurance. For assessing the factors related to having mammography medical request, we estimated crude and adjusted odds ratios and respective 95%CI by logistic regression. We also analyzed the main reasons reported for not having performed mammography after medical request, as well as the time between examination and result. RESULTS Of the women interviewed, 66.7% had a medical request for mammography (59.4% among SUS users and 83.9% among those with private health insurance). Having private health insurance, higher education level, and being white were positively associated with having the medical request. Only 5.4% (95%CI 4.8–6.0) of women who received medical request failed to perform mammography – 7.6% were SUS users and 1.7% had health insurance. The most reported reasons for not being able to perform the examination were: not thinking it was necessary; having the test scheduled, but not yet performed; and not being able to schedule it. More than 70% of women received the result with less than one month from its execution. CONCLUSIONS The barriers to access a medical request for mammographic screening for breast cancer are higher among women who depend exclusively on SUS.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar se as ações de detecção precoce para o câncer de mama, iniciadas com o pedido médico de mamografia, diferem entre usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e aquelas que possuem plano de saúde privado. MÉTODOS A partir dos dados coletados na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, foram calculadas as proporções de mulheres que tiveram pedido médico para realização de mamografia segundo ter ou não plano de saúde privado. Para avaliar os fatores relacionados a ter pedido médico de mamografia, foram calculadas odds ratios brutas e ajustadas e os respectivos IC95% por regressão logística. Foram também analisados os principais motivos informados para não ter realizado mamografia após ter o pedido médico, assim como o tempo entre ter realizado o exame e o recebimento do resultado. RESULTADOS Das mulheres entrevistadas, 66,7% tiveram um pedido médico para mamografia (59,4% entre as que eram usuárias do SUS e 83,9% entre as portadoras de plano de saúde privado). Ter plano de saúde privado, maior nível de escolaridade e ser de cor branca se associaram positivamente a ter o pedido médico. Apenas 5,4% (IC95% 4,8–6,0) das mulheres que receberam solicitação médica não conseguiram fazer mamografia – 7,6% eram dependentes do SUS enquanto 1,7% eram portadoras de plano de saúde. Os motivos mais reportados de não conseguir realizar o exame foram: não achar necessário; ter o exame marcado, mas ainda não realizado; e não ter conseguido marcar. Mais de 70% das mulheres receberam o resultado antes de completar um mês da realização. CONCLUSÕES As barreiras de acesso a ter pedido médico para rastreamento mamográfico para o câncer de mama são maiores entre mulheres que dependem exclusivamente do SUS.

Población objetivo del tamizaje de cáncer cervicouterino en el sistema público de atención chileno y su relación con la cobertura de PAP: Implicancias en políticas de salud y asignación de recursos públicos / Factors affecting compliance with pap smear screening

Background: Pap smear coverage in Chile has gradually decreased in the last years, from 67% to 59%, making it necessary to determine the causes of this decline. Aim: To analyze the relationship between the characteristics of the cervical cancer screening target population in the public health care system and the percentage of PAP coverage. Material and Methods: This study was carried out in women aged between 25 and 64 years, belonging to a public health care system and registered in any of the eight primary healthcare centers of a Metropolitan Santiago low income community. The analysis considered information from the recruitment database (n = 6,058) and interviewed women database (n = 1,042). Results: In 52% of cases there were difficulties in recruiting women, mainly due to wrong addresses. Among contacted women, 4.1% had a hysterectomy or had cervical cancer and 1.4% were dead. When analyzing the variable “adherence to cervical cancer screening” in the interviewed women, 76.8% reported to comply with the ministerial guidelines. From that group, 20.5% reported to attend screening at the private health care system. Seventy seven percent of women who had timely screening visits, reported attending screening periodically every 3 years or less. Conclusions: Pap smear coverage must be analyzed considering the different factors that affect it. Among the latter, the exclusion of some women from the target population and performing the screening in private clinics stand out.

Ações públicas para o controle do câncer de mama no Brasil: revisão integrativa / Las acciones públicas para el control del cáncer de mama en Brasil: una revisión integradora / Public actions for control of breast cancer in Brazil: integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a produção científica sobre "câncer de mama" no período de 2002 a 2013 e identificar quais são as políticas públicas de rastreamento e diagnóstico precoce para o câncer de mama. Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO e Google Acadêmico. Utilizou-se como critérios de inclusão: ano e período de publicação; disponibilidade do artigo na íntegra; publicação no Brasil; e o cruzamento entre os descritores Câncer de Mama, Atenção Primária à Saúde, Programas de Rastreamento e Detecção Precoce de Câncer. Resultados: após análise, obtiveram-se quatro (4) categorias temáticas: autoexame das mamas, exame clínico das mamas, mamografia e fatores que dificultam a adesão ao rastreamento. Conclusão: há déficits de conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde sobre a área, indicando a necessidade de realização de outros estudos sobre a temática abordada e maior investimento na educação continuada dos profissionais.

RESUMEN Objetivo este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la producción científica sobre "cáncer de mama" en el período 2002-2013 y identificar cual son las políticas públicas de el rastreo y el diagnóstico precoz de lo cáncer de mama. Método: se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura llevada a cabo con las bases de data MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO y Google Scholar. Fueran utilizados los siguientes criterios de inclusión: año de publicación, período, artículo disponible en su totalidad y la publicación en el Brasil y el cruce entre cáncer de mama descriptores, atención primaria de salud, programa de rastreo y detección precoz del cáncer. Resultados: después de análisis se obtuvo cuatro (4) temas: el autoexamen de mama; examen clínico de los senos; mamografía y factores que dificultan la adherencia al cribado. Conclusión: llegamos a la conclusión de que hay déficit de conocimiento de los profesionales de la salud sobre el tema, lo que indica la necesidad de nuevos estudios sobre el tema seleccionado, y una mayor inversión en la continúa educación de los profesionales.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the scientific production on "breast cancer" in the period from 2002 to 2013 and determine the public policies for screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer. Method: this is an integrative literature review conducted in the databases MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria: year and period of publication; availability of the full article; publication in Brazil; and the cross-check of the keywords Breast Cancer, Primary Health Care, Screening Programs, and Early Detection of Cancer. Results: after analysis, four thematic categories were obtained: breast self-examination, clinical examination of breast, mammography, and factors that hinder the adherence to the screening. Conclusion: health professionals have deficits of knowledge on the area, indicating the need for other studies on the subject addressed and greater investment in continuing education of professionals.

Disección submucosa endoscópica en cáncer gástrico incipiente: experiencia inicial en el Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile / Endoscopic submucosal dissection in early gastric cancer: Experience in 16 patients

Background: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a minimally invasive procedure that allows curative treatment of early gastric cancer (EGC) in selected patients. Aim: To report our initial experience with ESD. Material and Methods: Analysis of prospective data from 16 patients aged 61 to 84 years, who underwent ESD between December 2011 and June 2014. Tumor type, operative time, hospitalization length, oncologic outcomes, complications and short-term follow up were registered. Results: En-block resection was achieved in all cases. The median operative time was 135 min (range: 50-320 min). Specimens' median size was 3.5 cm (range: 3-10). All the resections were R0. In 14 patients ESD was considered curative. In two patients, ESD was considered potentially non-curative due to the presence pathological risk factors for lymph-node metastases in the biopsy specimen. Both patients underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy with lymph-node dissection. There was one case of gastric wall perforation that was repaired by laparoscopic suture. There was no mortality. The median follow-up time was 15 months (range: 2-30 months). Conclusions: ESD is a feasible and safe procedure in our institution with good results in this initial experience.

Annual national direct and indirect cost estimates of the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the annual direct and indirect costs of the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer in Brazil. METHODS: This cost description study used a "gross-costing" methodology and adopted the health system and societal perspectives. The estimates were grouped into sets of procedures performed in phases of cervical cancer care: the screening, diagnosis and treatment of precancerous lesions and the treatment of cervical cancer. The costs were estimated for the public and private health systems, using data from national health information systems, population surveys, and literature reviews. The cost estimates are presented in 2006 USD. RESULTS: From the societal perspective, the estimated total costs of the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer amounted to USD $1,321,683,034, which was categorized as follows: procedures (USD $213,199,490), visits (USD $325,509,842), transportation (USD $106,521,537) and productivity losses (USD $676,452,166). Indirect costs represented 51% of the total costs, followed by direct medical costs (visits and procedures) at 41% and direct non-medical costs (transportation) at 8%. The public system represented 46% of the total costs, and the private system represented 54%. CONCLUSION: Our national cost estimates of cervical cancer prevention and treatment, indicating the economic importance of cervical cancer screening and care, will be useful in monitoring the effect of the HPV vaccine introduction and are of interest in research and health care management. .