Food environment of the economic capital of the Northeast: social and territorial disparities in the availability of food stores / Ambiente alimentar da capital econômica do Nordeste: disparidades sociais e territoriais da disponibilidade dos comércios de alimentos

ABSTRACT Objective Characterize the community food environment through the different types of food outlets in the city of Fortaleza and associate their distribution according to sociodemographic indicators. Methods This is an ecological study carried out in the city of Fortaleza in which data from the Health Surveillance Service were used with the location of all licensed food stores in the city in the years 2018 and 2019. Georeferenced maps were set up to illustrate the spatial distribution of the establishments. Correlation analyses were performed to verify the association between food outlets and socioeconomic data. Values of p≤0.005 were considered significant. Results We identified a greater concentration of food stores in the neighborhoods with better socioeconomic levels. Snack bars (n=2051; 27.7%) and restaurants (n=1945; 26.3%), were in greater quantity and exhibited a positive correlation with the Human Development Index and average income. Supermarkets and hypermarkets (n=288; 3.9%) and street markets (n=81; 1.1%) were in a smaller number and had the worst spatial distribution. Conclusion We observed socioeconomic inequalities in the distribution of different types of food outlets. The little diversity and the limited number of establishments in peripheral neighborhoods, besides the centralization of outlets that sell food that is harmful to health, constitute obstacles for the population to make healthy food choices.

RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar o ambiente alimentar comunitário por meio dos diferentes tipos de estabelecimentos de venda de alimentos existentes na cidade de Fortaleza e relacionar sua distribuição de acordo com indicadores sociodemográficos. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo ecológico realizado na cidade de Fortaleza em que foram utilizados dados da Vigilância Sanitária com a localização de todos os comércios de alimentos licenciados para funcionamento no município nos anos de 2018 e 2019. Foram construídos mapas georreferenciados para ilustrar a distribuição espacial dos estabelecimentos. Análises de correlação foram realizadas para verificar associação entre os estabelecimentos de venda de alimentos e dados socioeconômicos. Consideraram-se significativos valores de p≤0,005. Resultados Foi possível identificar maior concentração de comércios de alimentos nos bairros com melhores níveis socioeconômicos. Lanchonetes (n=2051; 27,7%) e restaurantes (n=1945; 26,3%) apresentaram-se em maior quantidade e obtiveram correlação positiva com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano e a renda média. Supermercados e hipermercados (n = 288; 3,9%) e feiras livres (n=81; 1,1%) existiam em menor proporção e apresentaram a pior distribuição espacial. Conclusão Desigualdades socioeconômicas foram observadas na distribuição dos diferentes tipos de pontos de venda de alimentos. A pouca diversidade e a limitada quantidade de estabelecimentos em bairros periféricos, além da centralização da oferta de comércios que vendem alimentos prejudiciais à saúde, constituem-se obstáculos para que a população faça escolhas alimentares saudáveis.

Efecto de una intervención educativa sobre el consumo de frutas, verduras y pescado en familias de niños preescolares y escolares / Effect of a nutrition education intervention on consumption of fruits, vegetables and fish in families of prescholers and scholers

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de una intervención educativa sobre el consumo de frutas, verduras y pescado en familias de niños preescolares y escolares mediante una intervención de tres meses y una evaluación antes y después, en 27 familias intervenidas y 32 controles, de colegios municipales de una comuna de Santiago, Chile. Al inicio y final de la intervención se aplicó a cada niño y su padre una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo de frutas, verduras y pescado y de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de alimentación familiar. La intervención consistió en seis talleres de cocina de 90 minutos cada uno para los encargados de la preparación de alimentos en el hogar, utilizando además video y fotografía participativa. Los resultados mostraron un mayor consumo de frutas, verduras y pescado en el grupo intervenido (test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, test de Wilcoxon, p<0,05). Al comparar el consumo pre-post por grupo, las diferencias resultaron significativas para el intervenido en todos los casos (test de Wilcoxon para muestras pareadas, p<0,05). En los padres, el consumo de frutas aumentó en 135,8 g, el de verduras en 19,5 g y el de pescado en 10,2 g diarios. En los niños, las frutas aumentaron 92,1 g, las verduras 65,9 g y el pescado 5,2 g al día. Todas las familias intervenidas (n=22) incorporaron algún cambio significativo en la alimentación saludable de su hogar. Los resultados muestran que es posible realizar cambios en los hábitos alimentarios de las familias, con la implementación de una intervención educativa que incluya talleres de cocina y materiales audiovisuales.

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of a nutrition education intervention on fruits, vegetables and fish consumption in pre-school and school age children families, through a three months education intervention with a pre-post evaluation in 27 intervened families and 32 controls from public schools in Santiago, Chile. A food-frequency questionnaire on fruits, vegetables and fish, and a survey on food and nutrition knowledge, attitudes and practices were applied to children and their parents. The intervention consisted in six 90 minutes cooking workshops, including the utilization of videos and photovoice for those who cooked in the families. Results showed a significant more consumption of fruits, vegetables and fish in the intervened than in the control group (test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, test de Wilcoxon, p<0,05). Comparing pre-post consumption by group, significance differences were for the intervened group in all cases. (test de Wilcoxon for paired samples, p<0,05). In parents, fruit consumption increased 135.8 g, vegetables 19.5 g, and fish 10,2 g per day. In children, the increase in fruits was 92.1 g, vegetables 65.9, and fish 5.2 g per day. All the intervened families (n=22) introduced a significant healthy food improvement at home. Results showed that it is possible to change food habits in families with the implementation of a nutrition education intervention including cooking workshops, videos and photovoice.

Actividad física y dieta saludable, percepción de peso y estrés en población adulta de Chile: Análisis de la encuesta de calidad de vida y salud 2006 / Physical activity and healthy diet, weight perception and stress in adult population in Chile: analysis of the second quality of life and health survey 2006

Chile tuvo una transición epidemiológica y nutricional acelerada, con aumento explosivo de factores de riesgo de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y obesidad. El cambio de dieta hacia alimentos poco saludables, con alto contenido de grasas, azúcar y sal, junto al sedentarismo, incrementaron la obesidad. Para conocer más acerca de factores de riesgo y obesidad, se efectuó la Primera Encuesta de Calidad de Vida y Salud 2000, con una segunda versión el 2006. El objetivo de esta publicación es analizar la relación de la actividad física con el consumo de frutas, verduras y lácteos, percepción de peso y estrés, de los participantes en la Encuesta de Calidad de Vida y Salud (ECVS) 2006. La ECVS 2006 se realizó en 6.210 sujetos con un 10,8% de activos y un 89,2% de sedentarios. Estos se relacionaron con las variables consumo de frutas, verduras, lácteos, autopercepción del peso y estrés, por sexo y nivel socioeconómico. Los resultados muestran que más de la mitad de los sujetos activos consumen frutas y verduras todos los días y la mitad consume leche diariamente, con más posibilidad de comer alimentos saludables que los sedentarios. Se comprobó que las personas sedentarias se perciben con más sobrepeso y obesidad que las activas. No se encontró relación entre ser activo o sedentario con estrés. A medida que mejora el nivel socioeconómico, las personas hacen más actividad física y consumen más alimentos saludables. Estos resultados permiten proponer políticas y programas focalizados en alimentación saludable y actividad física para la población chilena.

Chile had a rapid epidemiological and nutritional transition with an increase in risk factors for chronic diseases and obesity. Dietary changes have occurred, mostly an increase in consumption of foods high in fat, sugar and salt, as well as a decrease in physical activity. This has led to a marked increase in obesity rates. To learn more on these risk factors for chronic diseases, obesity and physical activity, the First Quality of Life and Health Survey (ECVS) was carried out in 2000, with a second version in 2006. The objective of this paper is to analyze, from data collected by the 2006 survey, the relationship of physical activity with the consumption of fruits, vegetables and dairy products, weight perception and stress. The 2006 survey included 6.210 subjects with a 10.8% of active population and 89.2% of sedentary people. The relationship of activity was determined with the consumption of fruits, vegetables, dairy products, weight perception and stress, by sex and socioeconomic levels. Results show that more than 50% of the active subjects consume fruits and vegetables, and 50% consume dairy products every day, with a higher probability of active persons of consuming healthy foods than the sedentary ones. Besides, sedentary people perceive themselves with more overweight and obesity than the active subjects. There was no relationship between physical activity and stress. People with a higher socioeconomic level are more active and consume more healthy products. These results permit to elaborate targeted policies and programs to improve diet and physical activity in the Chilean population.