Enfermedad de Hansen / Hansen's Disease

La lepra o enfermedad de Hansen es una infección crónica causada por Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) o Mycobacterium lepromatosis (M. lepromatosis), es una enfermedad infecciosa curable que es endémica en más de 140 países de todo el mundo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud lo declaró eliminado como un problema mundial de salud pública en el año 2000, sin embargo, en 2017 se informaron aproximadamente 200 000 casos nuevos en todo el mundo. A pesar de la terapia farmacológica combinada disponible, continúa como un importante problema de salud pública, que conlleva un fuerte estigma. En Cuba, según el Anuario Estadístico de Salud de 2020, se reportaron durante ese año 116 casos, las provincias más afectadas fueron Santiago de Cuba con 25 nuevos casos y Guantánamo con 17 nuevos casos. La presentación de caso se trata de una joven de 20 años, en edad reproductiva, con manifestaciones generales de astenia, pérdida del cabello, adenopatías, poliartritis, lesiones cutáneas y fiebre, que hizo sospechar en una enfermedad del colágeno. En estos momentos con buena evolución y en seguimiento por atención primaria de salud de su provincia(AU)

Leprosy or Hansen's disease is a chronic infection caused by mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) or mycobacterium lepromatosis (M. lepromatosis). It is a curable infectious disease, endemic in more than 140 countries around the world. Despite being declared eradicated as a global public health problem by the World Health Organization in 2000, approximately 200,000 new cases were reported worldwide in 2017. Despite available combination drug therapy, it remains a major public health problem, carrying strong stigma. In Cuba, according to 2020 health statistical yearbook, 116 cases were reported during that year. The most affected provinces were Santiago de Cuba (25 new cases) and Guantánamo (17 new cases). The case to be reported concerns a 20-year-old young woman of reproductive age, with general manifestations of asthenia, hair loss, adenopathies, polyarthritis, skin lesions, and fever; she suspected was a collagen disease. Currently, she is well and she is followed up by primary health care in her province(AU)

Excess of deaths during COVID-19 pandemic in Mato Grosso, Brazil / Excesso de mortes durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em Mato Grosso, Brasil

Abstract This article aims to estimate the excess of deaths in the years 2020 and 2021 in Mato Grosso state, in the state capital and in the countryside, according to gender and age group. Data was extracted from DATASUS/Ministry of Health website for the period from 2015 to 2020 and from the website of the State Department of Health - Data Warehouse System (DW) for 2021. Non-fetal deaths by natural causes of residents in Mato Grosso were analyzed and the analyses were broken down into countryside and state capital (Cuiabá). The variables selected were age group, gender, month of occurrence, and underlying cause of death. Excess mortality was calculated using generalized additive quasi-Poisson model adjustments with correction for overdispersion. A 30% excess of deaths was identified in 2020, with the state capital recording the highest estimate, in older age groups, and between the months of July and September. In 2021, the expected number of deaths was 57% higher, with the double in the younger age groups in the countryside. The study showed different demographic profiles of excess deaths in the years 2020 and 2021 during COVID-19 pandemic and distinct patterns between countryside and state capital, suggesting inequalities that may have caused impact on different risks.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é estimar o excesso de óbitos nos anos de 2020 e 2021 no estado de Mato Grosso, na capital do estado e no interior, segundo sexo e faixa etária. Os dados foram extraídos do site do DATASUS/Ministério da Saúde para o período de 2015 a 2020 e do site da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde - Sistema Data Warehouse (DW) para 2021. Óbitos não fetais por causas naturais de residentes no Mato Grosso foram analisados ​​e as análises foram divididas em interior e capital do estado (Cuiabá). As variáveis ​​selecionadas foram: faixa etária, sexo, mês de ocorrência e causa básica do óbito. O excesso de mortalidade foi calculado usando ajustes generalizados do modelo aditivo quase-Poisson com correção para superdispersão. Identificou-se um excesso de 30% de óbitos em 2020, com a capital do estado registrando a maior estimativa, nas faixas etárias mais avançadas, e entre os meses de julho e setembro. Em 2021, o número esperado de óbitos foi de 57% superior, sendo o dobro nas faixas etárias mais jovens do interior do estado. O estudo mostrou diferentes perfis demográficos de excesso de óbitos nos anos de 2020 e 2021 durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e padrões distintos entre interior e capital do estado, sugerindo desigualdades que podem ter impactado em diferentes riscos.

Sickle cell disease related mortality in Brazil, 2000-2018

Abstract Introduction There is a demand to update national mortality trends data related to sickle cell disease (SCD) in Brazil. This study describes causes of death and mortality issues related to SCD using the multiple-cause-of-death methodology. Methods The annual SCD mortality data was extracted from the public databases of the Mortality Information System by researching deaths in rubric D57 "sickle-cell disorders" of the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision and processed by the Multiple Cause Tabulator. Results From 2000 to 2018 in Brazil, a total of 9817 deaths related to SCD occurred during the 19-year period, as the underlying cause in 6924 (70.5%) and as the associated cause of death in 2893 (29.5%). The mean and median ages at death during the entire period were significantly lower for males, 29.4 (±19.6) and 27.5 (15.5-41.5), respectively, than for females, 33.3 (±20.3) and 31.0 (19.5-46.5), respectively. The leading SCD overall associated causes of death were septicemias (32.1%), followed by pneumonias (19.4%) and respiratory failure (18.2%). On certificates with SCD as an associated cause, the underlying causes of death were circulatory system diseases (8.7%), followed, in males, by digestive system and infectious diseases and respiratory system failures, while in females, maternal deaths, included in the chapter on pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium, accounting for 4.6% of female deaths, were succeeded by digestive system and infectious diseases. Conclusion This study revised mortality data on death rate trends, underlying and associated causes of death, age at death and regional distribution of death in Brazil.

Diseases during pregnancy in a large unselected South American sample / Prevalência de doenças durante a gravidez em uma grande amostra sul-americana não selecionada

ABSTRACT Objective: Our aim was to describe the prevalence of diseases during pregnancy and the association between fetal exposure to the most frequent maternal diseases and the risk of preterm (PTB) and/or small for gestational age (SGA) newborns in an unselected sample of women who gave birth in South American countries. Methods: We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional study including 56,232 mothers of non-malformed infants born between 2002 and 2016, using data from the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC). Diseases with higher- than-expected PTB/SGA frequencies were identified. Odds ratios of confounding variables for diseases and birth outcomes were calculated with a multivariable logistic regression. Results: Of the 14 most reported diseases, hypertension, genitourinary infection, epilepsy, hypothyroidism, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS showed higher PTB and/or SGA frequencies. Advanced and low maternal age, previous fetal loss, low socioeconomic level, and African-American ancestry were associated with PTB, while advanced maternal age, primigravidity, previous fetal loss, low socioeconomic level, and African-American ancestry were associated with SGA. After adjusting for the associated variables, the identified illnesses maintained their association with PTB and all, except epilepsy, with SGA. Conclusion: The description of an unselected population of mothers allowed identifying the most frequent diseases occurring during gestation and their impact on pregnancy outcomes. Six diseases were associated with PTB and two with SGA newborns. To the best of our knowledge, there are no similar reports about women not intentionally selected by specific diseases during pregnancy in South American populations.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência de doenças durante a gravidez e a associação entre a exposição fetal às doenças maternas mais prevalentes e o risco de recém-nascidos prematuros (PP) e/ou pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG) em uma amostra não selecionada de mulheres que deram à luz em países da América do Sul. Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal que incluiu 56.232 mães de crianças não malformadas nascidas entre 2002 e 2016, utilizando dados do Estudo Colaborativo Latino-americano de Malformações Congênitas (ECLAMC). Foram identificadas as doenças com maior número de casos observado/esperado de PP/PIG. O esperado foi obtido dos controles sem doenças. Odds ratios para variáveis de confusão de doença e eventos ao nascimento foram calculadas usando regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: Das 14 doenças mais referidas, hipertensão, infecção geniturinária, epilepsia, hipotireoidismo, diabetes e HIV/AIDS apresentaram maiores frequências de PP e/ou PIG. Idade materna nos dois extremos, perda fetal prévia, baixo nível socioeconômico e ascendência afro-americana foram associados a PP, enquanto idade materna avançada, primigravidez, perda fetal prévia, baixo nível socioeconômico e ascendência afro-americana foram associados a PIG. Após ajuste para as variáveis associadas, as doenças identificadas mantiveram associação com PP e todas, exceto epilepsia, com PIG. Conclusão: A descrição de uma população não selecionada de gestantes possibilitou identificar as doenças mais frequentes e seu impacto nos resultados adversos na gravidez. Seis doenças foram associadas a PP e duas a recém-nascidos PIG. Até onde sabemos, não há relatos semelhantes sobre mulheres não selecionadas intencionalmente por doenças específicas durante a gravidez em populações sul-americanas.

Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in horses / Causas de aborto, natimortalidade e morte perinatal em equinos

Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in horses were investigated in the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS) from 2000 to 2015. In this period, 107 cases were analyzed using macroscopic, microscopic, and complementary tests. Of these, 77 were aborted fetuses, 16 were stillbirths, and 14 were perinatal deaths. Conclusive diagnosis was established in 42.8% of the fetuses analyzed, with 28.6% classified as infectious origin, 9.1% as non-infectious, and 5.1% as other. Bacterial infections, especially those related to Streptococcus spp. were the most frequently observed. In stillborn foals, diagnosis was established in 62.5% of cases, and 50% of these were related to non-infectious causes, such as dystocia and birth traumas. As for perinatal mortality, a conclusive diagnosis was reached in 78.57% of cases, and infectious causes associated with bacterial infections accounted for 64.1% of these diagnoses.

Causas de aborto, natimortalidade e mortalidade perinatal em equinos foram investigadas no Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS) durante o período de 2000 a 2015. Nesse período, foram analisados 107 casos através de exames macroscópico, microscópico e exames complementares, desses 77 correspondiam a fetos abortados, 16 natimortos e 14 mortes perinatais. Diagnóstico conclusivo foi estabelecido em 42,8% dos fetos analisados e classificados como origem infecciosa em 28,6% dos casos, não infecciosa com 9,1% e outros com 5,1% dos casos. As infecções bacterianas, em especial as relacionadas a Streptococcus spp. foram as mais frequentemente observadas. Em potros natimortos, diagnostico foi estabelecido em 62,5% dos casos, e destes, 50% foram relacionados a causas não infecciosas, como distocia e traumas durante o parto. Quanto a mortalidade perinatal, em 78,57% dos casos houve um diagnostico conclusivo, e as causas infecciosas associadas a infecções bacterianas corresponderam a 64,1% desses diagnósticos.

Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in horses / Causas de aborto, natimortalidade e morte perinatal em equinos

Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in horses were investigated in the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS) from 2000 to 2015. In this period, 107 cases were analyzed using macroscopic, microscopic, and complementary tests. Of these, 77 were aborted fetuses, 16 were stillbirths, and 14 were perinatal deaths. Conclusive diagnosis was established in 42.8% of the fetuses analyzed, with 28.6% classified as infectious origin, 9.1% as non-infectious, and 5.1% as other. Bacterial infections, especially those related to Streptococcus spp. were the most frequently observed. In stillborn foals, diagnosis was established in 62.5% of cases, and 50% of these were related to non-infectious causes, such as dystocia and birth traumas. As for perinatal mortality, a conclusive diagnosis was reached in 78.57% of cases, and infectious causes associated with bacterial infections accounted for 64.1% of these diagnoses.(AU)

Causas de aborto, natimortalidade e mortalidade perinatal em equinos foram investigadas no Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS) durante o período de 2000 a 2015. Nesse período, foram analisados 107 casos através de exames macroscópico, microscópico e exames complementares, desses 77 correspondiam a fetos abortados, 16 natimortos e 14 mortes perinatais. Diagnóstico conclusivo foi estabelecido em 42,8% dos fetos analisados e classificados como origem infecciosa em 28,6% dos casos, não infecciosa com 9,1% e outros com 5,1% dos casos. As infecções bacterianas, em especial as relacionadas a Streptococcus spp. foram as mais frequentemente observadas. Em potros natimortos, diagnostico foi estabelecido em 62,5% dos casos, e destes, 50% foram relacionados a causas não infecciosas, como distocia e traumas durante o parto. Quanto a mortalidade perinatal, em 78,57% dos casos houve um diagnostico conclusivo, e as causas infecciosas associadas a infecções bacterianas corresponderam a 64,1% desses diagnósticos.(AU)

Prevalence of syphilis, HIV and toxoplasmosis in prenatal screening in the population of the northern region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Prevalência de Sífilis, HIV e Toxoplasmose no pré-natal em uma população no Norte Fluminense

Introduction: There is a need for studies to know the real situation and outline measures to guarantee a reduction in the rates of pregnant women diagnosed with HIV, Syphilis and Toxoplasmosis. Objective: To determine the prevalence of Syphilis, HIV and toxoplasmosis in puerperal women assisted at the largest public maternity hospital in Campos dos Goytacazes in 2016. Methods: Cross-sectional study, using secondary data from the puerperal women assisted at the largest maternity hospital in the northern region of the State of Rio de Janeiro, in the year 2016. Results: There were 970 puerperal women, with a prevalence of HIV, Syphilis and Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy of 1.6, 2.7 and 2%, respectively. Most pregnant women were diagnosed at delivery due to low serological coverage during pregnancy. Conclusion: The high prevalence of Syphilis, HIV and Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy requires efficient prenatal care for its identification and approach.

Introdução: São necessários estudos para conhecer a real situação e delinear medidas que garantam a redução dos índices de gestantes com diagnóstico de vírus da imunodeficiência humana, sífilis e toxoplasmose. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de sífilis, vírus da imunodeficiência humana e toxoplasmose em puérperas atendidas na maior maternidade pública de Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ) no ano de 2016. Métodos: Estudo transversal, utilizando dados secundários das puérperas atendidas na maior maternidade do Norte Fluminense no ano de 2016. Resultados: Foram 970 puérperas, com prevalência de vírus da imunodeficiência humana, sífilis e toxoplasmose na gestação de 1,6, 2,7 e 2%, respectivamente. A maioria das gestantes foi diagnosticada no momento do parto em razão da baixa cobertura sorológica durante a gestação. Conclusão: A alta prevalência de sífilis, vírus da imunodeficiência humana e toxoplasmose na gravidez requer um pré-natal eficiente para sua identificação e abordagem.

Algunas consideraciones sobre las hepatitis virales crónicas como problema de salud / Some considerations on the chronic viral hepatitis as a health problem

Introducción: Hoy día, las enfermedades infecciosas constituyen una de las causas de muerte más frecuentes, de ahí que la actual epidemia de hepatitis es un problema de salud a escala mundial. Las hepatitis B y C se propagan por medio del contacto con la sangre, el semen u otro líquido corporal de una persona infectada. Objetivo: Actualizar algunos elementos sobre las hepatitis virales crónicas como un problema de salud. Desarrollo: Se analizan aspectos de las hepatitis virales crónicas relacionados con las estadísticas globales, regionales y locales; también se abordan los indicadores de impacto, la epidemiología, las características de los virus y las formas de trasmisión. Conclusiones: Esta problemática se ha convertido en un grave problema de salud en todo el orbe y Cuba no está exenta de esta situación. El principal eslabón para prevenir y reducir el número de pacientes y la trasmisión de estas enfermedades es la atención primaria, donde el trabajo educativo y preventivo que se desarrolla en la comunidad es fundamental.

Introduction: Nowadays, infectious diseases constitute one of the most frequent causes of death, with the result that current hepatitis epidemic is a health problem worldwide. The hepatitis B and C are spread by means of the blood contact, semen or another body fluid of an infected person. Objective: To update some elements on the chronic viral hepatitis as a health problem. Development: Some aspects of the chronic viral hepatitis related to the global, regional and local statistics are analysed; the impact indicators, epidemiology, characteristics of the virus and the ways of transmission are also approached. Conclusions: This question has become a serious health problem worldwide and Cuba is not exempt of this situation. The main link to prevent and reduce the number of patients and the transmission of these diseases is the primary health care, where the educational and preventive work that is developed in the community is fundamental.

Prevention measures for vertical HIV transmission: monitoring infected pregnant women and exposed children / Medidas de prevenção para transmissão vertical do HIV: acompanhamento de gestantes infectadas e crianças expostas

Abstract Objectives: to present an analysis of the follow-up of exposed children and pregnant women living with HIV who are assisted in a reference public healthcare service of a Brazilian capital. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study with sociodemographic and clinical data obtainedfrom physical and electronic medical records of women living with HIV and exposed children, treated between 2000 and 2018, in a secondary healthcare service. For associations, the chi-square test at 5% significance was used. Results: the data about 183 pregnancies and 214 children from the capital or other municipalities in the state were analyzed. The women have low schooling, are brown or black, single, multiparous, diagnosed with HIV during prenatal care, with the start of follow-up from the third trimester of pregnancy and the use of prophylaxis during childbirth. As for children, the associations were significant for notification on SINAN, admission to the health service, use of prophylaxis indicating better monitoring for those who live in the state capital. Conclusions: the prevention measures recommended by the Ministry of Health, in general, were followed, but children and pregnant women who live in other cities were worse off than those ones in the capital. Unnotified cases were identified on SINAN. These issues may contribute to new cases of vertical transmission of HIV.

Resumo Objetivos: apresentar uma análise do acompanhamento de crianças expostas e gestantes vivendo com HIV atendidas em um serviço público de referência de uma capital brasileira. Métodos: trata-se de estudo transversal, com dados sociodemográficos e clínicos obtidos em prontuários físicos e eletrônicos mulheres vivendo com HIV e crianças expostas, atendidas entre 2000 a 2018 em um serviço de atenção secundária à saúde. Para as associações foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado, com significância de 5%. Resultados: foram analisados dados de 183 gestações de 150 mulheres e 214 crianças expostas a infecção pelo HIV As mulheres possuíam baixa escolaridade, eram pardas ou pretas, solteiras, multíparas, com diagnóstico de HIV durante o pré-natal, com início do acompanhamento a partir do terceiro trimestre de gestação e uso de profilaxia durante o parto. Quanto às crianças, as associações foram significativas para notificação no SINAN, admissão no serviço de saúde, uso de profilaxia indicando melhor acompanhamento para aquelas que moravam na capital do estado. Conclusões: as medidas de prevenção recomendadas pelo Ministério da Saúde, em geral, foram seguidas, porém apresentaram pior cenário as crianças e gestantes que residiam em outros munícipios quando comparadas as da capital. Foram identificados casos não notificados no SINAN. Essas questões podem contribuir para novos casos de transmissão vertical do HIV.

Fallo multiórganos por endocarditis infecciosa fulminante durante hemodiálisis / Multi-organs failure for infectious fulminating endocarditis during hemodialysis

Introducción: Al colocar el catéter venoso central en enfermos de insuficiencia renal crónica durante la hemodiálisis, la prevención es imprescindible para evitar la endocarditis infecciosa. El estafilococo dorado es un germen agresivo, que en enfermos inmunodeprimidos con fenómenos cardioembólicos pulmonares y sistémicos, ocasiona daños a funciones de órganos y sistemas. El fenómeno de fallo multiórganos es una complicación temida. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de endocarditis infecciosa agresiva, en un paciente en hemodiálisis. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina, de 31 años de edad, con diagnóstico de endocarditis infecciosa, con tratamiento oportuno, adecuado y multidisciplinario. Después de una mejoría, pasó a un deterioro marcado, falleció por fallo multiórganos, debido a septicemia y cardioembolismos múltiples. Comentarios: La resistencia de los gérmenes agresivos, se hace más frecuente. La vida de la enferma, inmunodeprimida y manipulada, se sitúa en riesgo significativo con fallo multiórganos(AU)

Introduction: When placing the central venous catheter in patients with chronic renal failure during hemodialysis, prevention is essential to avoid infective endocarditis. Staphylococcus aureus is an aggressive germ, which in immunocompromised patients with pulmonary and systemic cardioembolic phenomena, causes damage to functions of organs and systems. The phenomenon of multi-organ failure is a feared complication. Objective: To present a case of aggressive infective endocarditis in a hemodialysis patient. Clinical case: Female patient, 31 years old, with a diagnosis of infective endocarditis, with timely, adequate and multidisciplinary treatment. After an improvement, he went on to a marked deterioration, died due to multi-organ failure, due to septicemia and multiple cardioembolisms. Comment: The resistance of aggressive germs becomes more frequent. The life of the patient, immunocompromised and manipulated, is at significant risk with multi-organ failure (AU)

Impacto de la primera ola pandémica de COVID-19 en el personal de salud en un hospital privado / Impact of the first pandemic wave of COVID-19 on health-care workers in a private hospital

El personal de salud (PS) está más expuesto que la población general a enfermar por SARS-CoV-2, por lo que debe utilizar elementos de protección personal (EPP) en todas las atenciones. El PS de Clínica Las Condes (CLC) que requirió licencia médica (LM) por COVID-19 durante el periodo de estudio, fue evaluado por Organismo Administrador según Ley 16.744, categorizando cada caso de contacto estrecho (CE) o contagio, en común o laboral. Además, fue contactado en su totalidad por equipo de RRHH y de IAAS, para conocer estado de salud, factores de riesgo y evolución. El objetivo fue caracterizar los casos y CE de PS que tuvieron LM, relacionándolas con diferentes eventos ocurridos en la institución y la comunidad durante el periodo comprendido entre el 12 de febrero y el 31 de julio. Un 21% del PS requirió LM en el periodo y un 12,97% presentó infección confirmada por PCR. En cuanto a la distribución por sexo y edad de casos y CE, esta no difiere de la distribución observada en el total de funcionarios de CLC. Se observa que, en los casos, la mayoría corresponde a categoría intrahospitalaria, en cambio los CE, la mayor parte correspondió a comunitario. En relación con casos confirmados intrahospitalarios, destaca que el primer caso ocurrió 63 días después del primer paciente hospitalizado en CLC con diagnóstico de COVID-19, y cuando ya estaba instalada la epidemia en la Región Metropolitana (RM) de Santiago , lo que refleja la efectividad de las medidas de prevención adoptadas al interior de CLC.

Health care workers (HCW) are at higher risk to get sick from SARS-CoV-2 than general population, so they must use personal protective equipment (PPE) in all care situations. The HCW at Clinica las Condes (CLC) that required a sick leave (SL) during the study period was evaluated by the Administrative Institution according to Law 16.744, which categorized each case of close contact (CC) or confirmed case, as community-acquired (CA) or health care-associated (HCA). In addition, all of them were traced by the HR and Infection Control team, to find out health status, risk factors and evolution. The aims were to characterize the confirmed cases and CC, their association with key events that occurred in the institution and the community between February 12th and July 31th. 21%

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica de pacientes con lepra en un área de salud de Santiago de Cuba / Clinical epidemiological characterization of patients with leprosy in a health area from Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: La lepra es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa crónica, producida por el Mycobacterium leprae, y constituye uno de los males más antiguos de la humanidad. Objetivo: Describir algunas características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con lepra pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente Ramón López Peña de Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de los 11 pacientes diagnosticados con la enfermedad de Hansen en la mencionada área de salud en el período 2005-2019. Para el procesamiento de la información se creó una base de datos mediante el sistema SPSS, versión 11.5 para Windows, donde se tabularon los datos de las encuestas. El análisis de los resultados se expresó en números absolutos y porcentajes para su mejor interpretación. Resultados: Predominaron el grupo etario de 35-44 años (54,5 %), el sexo masculino (54,6 %) y la lepra dimorfa, en su forma clínica multibacilar. La mayoría de los pacientes fueron diagnosticados precozmente y solo se observó algún grado de discapacidad en los diagnósticos tardíos; asimismo, las condiciones higiénicas desfavorables y el hacinamiento fueron los factores de riesgo de mayor relevancia. Conclusiones: A pesar de la existencia de pacientes con lepra en dicha área de salud, se observó un período de silencio epidemiológico, que unido a los factores de riesgo presentes, aumenta la posibilidad de contagio y pone en peligro los objetivos establecidos para su erradicación.

Introduction: Leprosy is an infectious chronic disease, produced by the Mycobacterium leprae, and constitutes one of the oldest ills of humanity. Objective: To describe some clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the patients with leprosy belonging to Ramón López Peña Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba. Methods: A descriptive and retrospective study of the 11 patients diagnosed with Hansen disease in the mentioned health area during 2005-2019 was carried out. A database was created by means of the SPSS system, version 11.5 for Windows, for processing the information, where the data of the surveys were tabulated. The analysis of the results was expressed in absolute numbers and percentages for its best interpretation. Results: There was a prevalence of the 35-44 age group (54.5 %), the male sex (54.6 %) and the borderline lepromatous leprosy, in its multibacilar clinical form. Most of the patients were early diagnosed and certain degree of disability was just observed in the late diagnoses; also, the unfavorable hygienic conditions and overcrowding were the risk factors of more relevance. Conclusions: In spite of the existence of patients with leprosy in this health area, a period of epidemiological silence was observed that along with the existing risk factors, increases the infection possibility and puts in danger the established objectives for its eradication.

Robotic thoracic surgery for inflammatory and infectious lung disease: initial experience in Brazil / Cirurgia torácica robótica para doença pulmonar inflamatória e infecciosa: experiência inicial no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: in Latin America, especially Brazil, the use of a robotic platform for thoracic surgery is gradually increasing in recent years. However, despite tuberculosis and inflammatory pulmonary diseases are endemic in our country, there is a lack of studies describing the results of robotic surgical treatment of bronchiectasis. This study aims to evaluate the surgical outcomes of robotic surgery for inflammatory and infective diseases by determining the extent of resection, postoperative complications, operative time, and length of hospital stay. Methods: retrospective study from a database involving patients diagnosed with bronchiectasis and undergoing robotic thoracic surgery at three hospitals in Brazil between January of 2017 and January of 2020. Results: a total of 7 patients were included. The mean age was 47 + 18.3 years (range, 18-70 years). Most patients had non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (n=5), followed by tuberculosis bronchiectasis (n=1) and lung abscess (n=1). The performed surgeries were lobectomy (n=3), anatomic segmentectomy (n=3), and bilobectomy (n=1). The median console time was 147 minutes (range 61-288 min.) and there was no need for conversion to open thoracotomy. There were no major complications. Postoperative complications occurred in one patient and it was a case of constipation with the need for an intestinal lavage. The median for chest tube time and hospital stay, in days, was 1 (range, 1-6 days) and 5 (range, 2-14 days) respectively. Conclusions: robotic thoracic surgery for inflammatory and infective diseases is a feasible and safe procedure, with a low risk of complications and morbidity.

RESUMO Objetivo: na América Latina, especialmente no Brasil, a adoção da plataforma robótica para cirurgia torácica está aumentando gradativamente nos últimos anos. No entanto, apesar da tuberculose e doenças pulmonares inflamatórias serem endêmicas em nosso país, faltam estudos que descrevam os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico robótico das bronquiectasias. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os resultados cirúrgicos da cirurgia robótica para doenças inflamatórias e infecciosas, determinando a extensão da ressecção, complicações pós-operatórias, tempo operatório e tempo de internação hospitalar. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo a partir de um banco de dados envolvendo pacientes com diagnóstico de bronquiectasia e submetidos à cirurgia torácica robótica em três hospitais brasileiros entre janeiro de 2017 e janeiro de 2020. Resultados: foram incluídos 7 pacientes. A média de idade foi 47 + 18,3 anos (variação, 18-70 anos). A maioria dos pacientes apresentou bronquiectasia não fibrose cística (n=5), seguida de bronquiectasia tuberculosa (n=1) e abscesso pulmonar (n=1). As cirurgias realizadas foram lobectomia (n=3), segmentectomia anatômica (n=3) e bilobectomia (n=1). O tempo médio do console foi de 147 minutos (variação de 61-288 min.) e não houve necessidade de conversão para toracotomia. Complicação pós-operatória ocorreu em um paciente, tratando-se de obstipação com necessidade de lavagem intestinal. A mediana do tempo de drenagem torácica e internação hospitalar, em dias, foi de 1 (variação, 1-6 dias) e 5 (variação, 2-14 dias), respectivamente. Conclusões: a cirurgia torácica robótica para doenças inflamatórias e infecciosas é um procedimento viável e seguro, com baixo risco de complicações e morbidade.

Desenvolvimento motor de lactentes expostos ao HIV: oportunidades no ambiente domiciliar / Motor development of infants exposed to HIV: affordances in the home environment

Objetivou-se avaliar se as variáveis do ambiente e as sociodemográficas e clínicas do familiar e do lactente verticalmente exposto ao Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) interferem nas oportunidades no domicílio para o desenvolvimento motor infantil. Estudo transversal, no Sul do Brasil, entre dezembro de 2015 a setembro de 2017, com 83 familiares e seus respectivos lactentes verticalmente expostos ao HIV, utilizando dois instrumentos: questionário do lactente e familiar e o Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development - Infant Scale. Análise com correlação de Pearson e Spearman e regressão linear simples. As oportunidades foram moderadamente adequadas, com associações positivas significativas entre as variáveis idade do familiar e do lactente, escolaridade e possuir irmão exposto ao HIV e as dimensões espaço físico, variedade de estimulação, brinquedos de motricidade grossa e fina. Conclui-se que as variáveis sociodemográficas do familiar e do lactente interferiram nas oportunidades para desenvolvimento motor infantil no domicílio.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the environment and the sociodemographic and clinical variables of the family member and the infant vertically exposed to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) interfere in the home opportunities for infant motor development. This is a cross-sectional study, in Southern Brazil, carried out between December 2015 and September 2017, with 83 family members and their respective infants vertically exposed to HIV, using two instruments: infant and family questionnaire and the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development - Infant Scale. Analysis was performed with Pearson and Spearman correlation and simple linear regression. Opportunities (affordances) were moderately adequate, with significant positive associations between the variables of age of the family member and infant, education level, and presence of a sibling exposed to HIV and the dimensions of physical space, variety of stimulation, and toys for gross and fine motor skills. We conclude that the sociodemographic variables of the family member and the infant interfered in the opportunities for infant motor development at home.

O desafio do HIV em idosos: uma análise qualitativa da atuação de médicos da atenção primária à saúde em Porto Alegre/RS / The challenge of HIV among the elderly population: a qualitative analysis of the performance of primary care physicians in Porto Alegre city, Brazil / El desafio del HIV en ancianos: una analisis qualitativa de la atuación de los medicos de la atención primária de la salud en Porto Alegre/RS

Introdução: A transição demográfica que ocorre no território brasileiro traz para discussão o processo de transição epidemiológica que vivemos, onde as doenças infectas parasitárias somam-se às doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Objetivo: Descrever a atuação dos médicos da Atenção Básica na prevenção primária e secundária em relação à infecção pelo HIV na população idosa atendida pela Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) do município de Porto Alegre/RS. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, misto, realizado com médicos que atuam na APS em Porto Alegre/RS. Resultados: Evidenciou-se que a temática da sexualidade, infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, situações e grupos de risco e tratamento para o HIV são temas de menos conhecimento. Conclusões: Os médicos da rede básica de saúde não realizam prevenção primária e secundária para a infecção pelo HIV em idosos de forma rotineira

Introduction: The demographic transition that takes place in the Brazilian territory brings to the discussion the process of epidemiological transition that we live in, where infectious diseases add to non-communicable chronic diseases. Objective: To compare the performance of the doctors regarding primary and secondary prevention for HIV infection in the elderly population in Primary Care in the city of Porto Alegre/RS. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional, mixed study, applied to physicians working at Primary Care in Porto Alegre/RS. Results: It was evident that the theme of sexuality, sexually transmitted infections, situations and groups at risk and treatment for HIV are less well-known topics. Conclusions: Primary care physicians do not perform primary and secondary prevention for HIV infection in the elderly on a routine basis

Introducción: La transición demográfica que ocurre en el territorio brasileño trae para discusión el proceso de transición epidemiológica que vivimos, donde las enfermedades infectoparasitarias se suman a las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Objetivo: Describir la actuación de los médicos en la prevención primaria y secundaria en relación a la infección por el VIH en la población anciana atendida por la Atención Primaria a la Salud (APS) del municipio de Porto Alegre/ RS. Metodología: Es un estudio transversal, mixto, relaizado con los médicos de la APS en Porto Alegre / RS. Resultados: Se envidenció que la tematica de la sexualidad, infecciones sexualmente trasmisibles, situaciones y grupos de riesgo y tratamiento para el VIH son temas de menos conocimiento. Conclusiones: Los médicos de la red basica de salud no pratican la prevención primária y secundária para la infección por el VIH en ancianos de manera rutinera

Riesgo infeccioso del VIH y hepatitis C en el personal de enfermería del Hospital General Docente Ambato / Infectious risk of HIV and hepatitis C in the nursing staff of Ambato General Teaching Hospital

de enfermería del Hospital General Docente Ambato. Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, observacional con la combinación de un enfoque cuali-cuantitativo. Con una población de 64 licenciadas de enfermería, tomándose como muestra a 54 licenciadas que laboran en los servicios de Emergencia, Cirugía y Sala de Operaciones quienes han sido expuestas a riesgo infecciosos. Como técnica de recolección de los datos se empleó la observación científica, la encuesta y la lista de chequeo. Los métodos de análisis del nivel teórico fueron el Inductivo-deductivo, utilizándose la estadística descriptiva, para mostrar los resultados a través de figuras y tablas. Entre los resultados obtenidos se evidencian que en cuanto a la clasificación del tipo de agentes según los riesgos, se obtuvieron los siguientes; enfermeras contagiadas con VHC 52%, VHB 26%, VIH 18% y otros virus o bacterias 4%; el 59,26% del personal de enfermería tiene un déficit de conocimientos de los riesgos infecciosos propios del personal de salud; el 77,77% si ha tenido un evento asociado con fluidos corporales con riesgo infeccioso asociado.; que aunque el 77,78% del personal casi siempre lo realiza el lavado adecuado de manos antes y después de atención al paciente, hay un 5,56% nunca lo realiza; el dispositivo que colocó a la enfermera en riesgo infeccioso con un 46,30% fue con una aguja hueca; el 12,96% al dejar el material usado en un lugar no adecuado. Se recomienda la evaluación, diseño y aplicación de una guía de medidas de bioseguridad con énfasis en riesgos infecciosos propiciados por contacto con los fluidos corporales(AU)

To evaluate the infectious risk of HIV and hepatitis C in nursing personnel of the Ambato General Teaching Hospital. An epidemiological, prospective, observational study with the combination of a qualitative-quantitative approach. With a population of 64 nursing graduates, taking as a sample 54 graduates who work in the Emergency, Surgery and Operating Room services who have been exposed to infectious risk. Scientific observation, survey and checklist were used as the data collection technique. The theoretical level analysis methods were inductive-deductive, using descriptive statistics to show the results through figures and tables. Among the results obtained, it is evident that regarding the classification of the type of agents according to the risks, the following were obtained; nurses infected with HCV 52%, HIB 26%, HIV 18% and other viruses or bacteria 4%; 59.26% of the nursing personnel have a deficit of knowledge of the infectious risks of the health personnel; 77.77% if they have had an event associated with bodily fluids with associated infectious risk; Although 77.78% of the personnel almost always perform adequate hand washing before and after patient care, 5.56% never do it; The device that placed the nurse at infectious risk with 46.30% was with a hollow needle; 12.96% when leaving the used material in an inappropriate place. The evaluation, design and application of a guide to biosafety measures with emphasis on infectious risks caused by contact with body fluids is recommended(AU)

Prevención de la transmisión vertical de VIH en mujeres migrantes internacionales: escenario actual y desafíos / Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV in international migrant women: current scenario and challenges

La prevención de la transmisión vertical de VIH es un desafío para todos los países del mundo. Esto se ve complejizado por la construcción permanente de sociedades globales, con grado variable de población migrante internacional. Las políticas, programas y acciones sanitarias para la prevención de transmisión vertical de VIH en gestantes migrantes demandan una perspectiva intercultural, en donde se aborden todas las dimensiones sociales, culturales y de género asociadas a la infección. El entender la realidad local en cuanto a la prevención de transmisión vertical de VIH en población migrante internacional en Chile es esencial para llevar acciones concretas que favorezcan la prevención de transmisión madre-hijo de VIH. En este artículo se presentan algunos conceptos esenciales relacionados a esta temática. También se expone información internacional y nacional sobre riesgos de transmisión vertical de VIH en migrantes gestantes, la importancia del plan nacional de preven ción de transmisión vertical de VIH en nuestro país, y algunos esfuerzos que se están realizando para adaptar dicho plan a la realidad de diversidad social y cultural que migrantes gestantes presentan hoy en Chile, como un valioso insumo de salud pública con perspectiva intercultural.

Preventing vertical transmission of HIV is a challenge for all countries worldwide. The permanent construction of global societies with a variable degree of international migrant population has made it more complex. Health policies, programs, and actions for preventing vertical transmission of HIV in pregnant migrants demand an intercultural perspective, where social, cultural, and gender dimen sions associated with the infection are addressed. Understanding the local reality regarding the pre vention of vertical transmission in the international migrant population in Chile is essential to carry out concrete actions that favor the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. This article presents some essential concepts related to this topic. It also presents international and national in formation on risks of vertical transmission in pregnant migrants, the importance of the national plan for preventing vertical transmission of HIV in our country, and some ongoing efforts to adapt such plan to the reality of social and cultural diversity that pregnant migrants currently present in Chile, as a useful public health instrument with an intercultural perspective.

Morbilidad por infecciones de partes blandas superficiales en el servicio de clínicas pediátricas de Manzanillo, Granma 2018 / Morbidity caused by soft tissue infections in the services of pediatric clinic in Manzanillo, Granma, 2018

RESUMEN Introducción: Las infecciones de la piel y partes blandas son frecuentes en los niños, con un amplio espectro de gravedad. Objetivo: Describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas de los pacientes con infecciones de partes blandas superficiales hospitalizados en el servicio de clínicas pediátricas del Hospital Pediátrico Docente "Hermanos Cordové". Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el servicio de clínicas pediátricas del Hospital Pediátrico Docente "Hermanos Cordové", de Manzanillo durante el 2018.Se estudiaron todos los pacientes egresados (n=298) con el diagnóstico confirmado de este tipo de infecciones. Se tomaron en cuenta las siguientes variables: localización anatómica, clasificación del tipo deinfección de piel y tejidos blandos, terapéutica utilizada y estadía hospitalaria. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (57,7 %) y el grupo de edad de 10-14 años (34,9 %). Las infecciones en las extremidades estuvieron presentes en 113 pacientes (37,9 %). El impétigo fue la entidad clínica más frecuente (42,3 %), la cefazolina fue el antibiótico más utilizado (77,2 %). Se observó que la mayoría de los pacientes (293) solo permaneció hasta 7 días ingresados, con una evolución satisfactoria. Conclusiones: En el servicio de clínicas pediátricas del Hospital Pediátrico Docente "Hermanos Cordové", los pacientes con IPTB se caracterizan por ser sobre todo varones, más comúnmente con edad entre 10 y 14 años, las lesiones predominaron en las extremidades y la más común fue el impétigo. La cefazolina resultó eficaz para el tratamiento estas infecciones, lo que hizo posible que la estadía hospitalaria generalmente no excediera de siete días.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Infections in the skin and soft tissues are common health concerns in children, with a wide range of severity from patient to patient. Objective: To describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of the patients with soft tissue infections hospitalized in the Pediatric Teaching Hospital "Hermanos Cordové". Method: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in the services of pediatric clinic in the Pediatric Teaching Hospital "Hermanos Cordové", in Manzanillo, Cuba, during the year 2018. All discharged patients who had a confirmed diagnosis of this type of infection were studied (n=298). The following variables were taken into account: anatomical location, classifications of the different types of skin and soft tissue infections, treatment used and hospitalization. Results: Male gender prevailed in the patients (57.7 %), and also the ages ranging between 10 to 14 years old (34.9 %). Infections located on the limbs were described in 113 patients (37.9 %). Impetigo was the most common diagnosis (42.3 %), and the most frequently used antibiotic was cefazolin (77.2 %). Most of the patients were hospitalized up to 7 days (293), with a satisfactory evolution of the disease. Conclusions: Patients with soft tissue infections in the services of pediatric clinic in the Pediatric Teaching Hospital "Hermanos Cordové" are mainly characterized for being male, especially from ages raging between 10 to 14 years old, with impetigo being the most common infection, mostly located on the limbs. Cefalozin resulted very effective for the treatment of these infections, making possible the hospitalization time to be lesser than a week.

Embolismos sépticos pulmonares y sistémicos como forma de presentación de la endocarditis infecciosa / Septic pulmonary and systemic embolisms as form of presentation of infective endocarditis

Introducción: A partir de los años 50, la presentación clínica clásica de la endocarditis infecciosa ha variado. Debido al uso de antibióticos, drogas ilícitas, catéteres venosos, etc., las manifestaciones tradicionales no son frecuentes. Objetivo: Presentar un caso con endocarditis infecciosa y comentar las manifestaciones embolígenas, así como las medidas preventivas con las nuevas técnicas. Caso clínico: Enfermo con insuficiencia renal crónica, diabético, hipertenso, con catéter venoso central, que presentó, después de una sección de hemodiálisis; escalofríos intensos, fiebre de 39,5 0C, cefalea intensa, toma del estado general, dolor torácico intenso punzante, tos, expectoración con sangre roja rutilante, disnea, soplo regurgitante holosistólico. Se le realizó ecocardiograma dópler que muestra múltiples vegetaciones pequeñas, hemocultivos positivos a estafilococos dorado. Fue tratado según los resultados del antibiograma durante 6 semanas y resolvió su extrema gravedad. Conclusiones: La endocarditis infecciosa puede tener manifestaciones muy diferentes al de décadas anteriores; puede aparecer como cuadro agudo fulminante por manifestaciones embólicas y sépticas múltiples(AU)

Introduction: Since the 1950s, the classical clinical presentation of infectious endocarditis (E.I) has varied. Due to the use of antibiotics, illicit drugs, venous catheters, traditional manifestations are not frequent. Objectives: To review the embolic presentation of endocarditis and pecify the preventive measures with the new techniques. Clinical case: A patient with chronic renal insufficiency, diabetic, hypertensive, with central venous catheter, intense chills, fever of 39.5 ° C, intense headache, general state, severe chest pain, cough, expectoration with bright red blood, dyspnea, holosystolic regurgitant murmur, after a section of hemodialysis. Doppler echocardiogram was performed, visualizing multiple small vegetation's, positive blood cultures to golden staphylococci, treatment according to antibiograms for 6 weeks, at the end of which the extreme severity was resolved. Comments: Infective endocarditis can have a very different behavior from previous decades; it can appear as an acute fulminating disease due to embolic, septic, multiple manifestations(AU)

Differences in hospitalization due to infectious causes between patients with hemodialysis and those with peritoneal dialysis / Diferencias en la hospitalización por causas infecciosas entre pacientes con hemodiálisis y diálisis peritoneal

Abstract Introduction: approximately 50% of the annual health care expenditure of patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis is related to hospitalizations. Infections represent the second reason for consultation, with a high morbidity and mortality. There are no studies comparing hospitalization time due to infectious causes between the different dialysis options. Objective: to determine the difference in hospitalization time for treatment of infectious diseases in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis, comparing patients on hemodialysis vs. peritoneal dialysis. Materials and methods: a retrospective, dynamic cohort study of patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis who were admitted to the emergency department at the Hospital Universitario Mayor due to infectious diseases. The study patients were included using nonprobabilistic methods. The sample size was calculated by comparison of means. A total of 172 hemodialysis patients and 85 peritoneal dialysis patients were included for statistical analysis. Results: hospitalization time is greater in patients on hemodialysis than in patients on peritoneal dialysis; 12 (IQR 8-21) vs. 10 (IQR 6.5-13) days, respectively, p= 0.004. Conclusions: hospitalization time due to infectious causes is greater in patients on hemodialysis than in patients on peritoneal dialysis. In addition, the incidence of treatment-related infections in our population is lower than the globally reported incidence.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1222).

Resumen Introducción: aproximadamente el 50% del gasto anual en salud de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis está relacionada con hospitalizaciones; las causas infecciosas representan la segunda causa de consulta con una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. No existen estudios donde se compare el tiempo de hospitalización por causas infecciosas entre las diferentes opciones de diálisis. Objetivo: determinar las diferencias en tiempos de hospitalización que se deriva del manejo de patologías infecciosas en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis, comparando los pacientes que se encuentran en hemodiálisis vs diálisis peritoneal. Material y métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectiva, dinámica, de pacientes en hemodiálisis y diálisis peritoneal que ingresan al servicio de urgencias del Hospital Universitario Mayor por patologías infecciosas. Los pacientes que ingresaron al estudio se incluyeron por métodos no probabilísticos. El cálculo de tamaño de muestra se realizó por comparación de medias. Para el análisis estadístico se incluyeron 172 pacientes en hemodiálisis y 85 en diálisis peritoneal. Resultados: el tiempo de hospitalización es mayor en pacientes con hemodiálisis en comparación con los pacientes en diálisis peritoneal, 12 (RIC 8-21) vs 10 (RIC 6.5-13) días respectivamente, p= 0.004. Conclusiones: el tiempo de hospitalización por causas infecciosas es mayor en los pacientes con hemodiálisis que los de diálisis peritoneal, adicionalmente la incidencia de infecciones asociadas a la terapia en nuestra población es menor que lo reportado a nivel mundial.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1222).