Review of suicidal ideation during pregnancy: risk factors, prevalence, assessment instruments and consequences

Abstract Background: Pregnancy is a period when women are particularly vulnerable to suicidal ideation and a great opportunity for suicide risk prevention. Aims: This study aimed to establish a comprehensive understanding of suicidal ideation prevalence, risk factors, screening tools, consequences and management during pregnancy. Method: A literature search was performed in MEDLINE and PsycInfo databases from 2016 to 2021. A narrative synthesis of the literature and a critical overview of the current issues/questions to be addressed within the topic of suicidal ideation during pregnancy was performed. Results: The prevalence of suicidal ideation during pregnancy was between 2.73 and 18% internationally. The risk factors identified were major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, difficulties with sleep, previous suicide attempts, high rumination, low incomes, being black, being young, low educational level, partner violence, having poor support, food insecurity, history of child abuse, high obstetric risk, multiparity, previous induced abortion and exposure to tobacco or human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis. The screening tools used for suicidal ideation during pregnancy were item 10 of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale and item 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire. Results showed that suicidal ideation during pregnancy is associated with poor cognitive development in children and low birth weight. No case management studies on suicidal ideation were found. Limitations: The main limitation of the available studies was the lack of articles with a high degree of methodological rigour on this subject. Conclusions: This narrative review is a state-of-the-art paper about suicidal ideation during pregnancy. Further research is needed, and researchers should carry out systematic reviews and meta-analyses, leading to Clinical Practice Guidelines in this area. This effort would improve our evidence-based practice in Perinatal Psychology and prevent associated suicidal behaviour.

Prevalence of ideation and attempted suicide among users of a psychosocial care center / La prevalencia de la ideación y el intento de suicidio entre los usuarios de un centro de atención psicossocial / Prevalência de ideação e tentativa de suicídio entre usuários de um centro de atenção psicossocial

ABSTRACT Objective This study aims at identifying and characterizing the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempted suicide among users of a Psychosocial Care Center in the municipality of Pelotas (RS). Method Transversal study, documentary based study in 389 active medical records. Data collection were carried out between September 2017 and May 2018. Data were digitated in the software Microsoft Excel and afterwards converted for the statistical Stata 11 Software. Results The prevalence of ideation and attempted suicide was 48,1% and 33,4%, respectively. Significant differences were observed in relation to hearing voices (p=<0,001) and history of violence (p=<0,001). Users who heard voices presented prevalence of suicidal ideation corresponding to 58,1%. Among those users who have reported suicidal ideation, the prevalence of attempt was 57,7%, while the users without report of ideation, the attempts were prevalent in 10,9% (p=<0.001). Conclusions The users presented a significant prevalence of ideation and attempted suicide.

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar y caracterizar la prevalencia de ideación y intento de suicidio entre usuarios de un Centro de Atención Psicosocial delmunicipio de Pelotas (RS). Método Estudio transversal, de base documental en 389 prontuarios de usuarios activos. La colecta de datos ocurrió entre setiembre de 2017 y mayo de 2018. Los datos fueron digitados en el software Microsoft Excel y posteriormente convertidos para el paquete estadístico Stata 11. Resultados La prevalencia de ideación y intento de suicidio fue 48,1% y 33,4%, respectivamente. Fueron observadas diferencias significativas en relación a la audición de voces (p=<0,001) e histórico de violencia (p=<0,001). Usuarios que escucharon voces presentaron prevalencia de ideación suicida correspondiente a 58,1%. Entre usuarios que habían relatado la ideación suicida, la prevalencia de intento fue de 57,7%, mientras en usuarios sin relato de ideación, los intentos fueron prevalentes en 10,9% (p=<0.001). Conclusiones Los usuarios presentaron una importante prevalencia de ideación e intento de suicidio.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar e caracterizar a prevalência de ideação e tentativa de suicídio entre usuários de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial do município de Pelotas (RS). Método Estudo transversal, de base documental, em 389 prontuários de usuários ativos. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre setembro de 2017 e maio de 2018. Os dados foram digitados no software Microsoft Excel e posteriormente convertidos para o pacote estatístico Stata 11. Resultados A prevalência de ideação e tentativa de suicídio foi de 48,1% e 33,4%, respectivamente. Foram observadas diferenças significativas em relação à escuta de vozes (p=<0,001) e histórico de violência (p=<0,001). Usuários que ouviam vozes apresentaram prevalência de ideação suicida correspondente a 58,1%. Entre aqueles usuários que haviam relatado ideação suicida, a prevalência de tentativa foi de 57,7%, enquanto, em usuários sem relato de ideação, as tentativas foram prevalentes em 10,9% (p=<0.001). Conclusões Os usuários apresentaram uma prevalência significativa de ideação e tentativa de suicídio.

HIV and syphilis infections and associated factors among patients in treatment at a Specialist Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs Center in São Paulo's "Cracolândia"

Abstract Introduction This study describes the epidemiological scenario of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis at the biggest specialist drug addiction center in Brazil. The great challenge is to find strategies to reduce the impact of inequality and discrimination and develop policies to protect individuals living with - or at risk of - infections. Methods During the period from January 1 to May 31, 2016, a cross-sectional study was conducted on which all patients (N = 806) seeking inpatient treatment were enrolled. A structured diagnostic interview and rapid tests were conducted initially, and diagnoses were confirmed by tests conducted at a venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL). Results HIV and syphilis rates were 5.86% and 21.9%, respectively. Women were nearly 2.5 times more likely to have syphilis. HIV infection was associated with unprotected sex (odds ratio [OR]: 3.27, p = 0.003, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.51-7.11), and suicidal ideation (OR: 6.63, p = 0.001, 95%CI: 3.37-14.0). Although only 1.86% reported injecting drugs at any point during their lifetimes, this variable was associated with both HIV and syphilis. Elevated rates of HIV and syphilis were observed in the context of this severe social vulnerability scenario. Conclusion The risk factors identified as associated with HIV and syphilis should be taken into consideration for implementation of specific prevention strategies including early diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STI) to tackle the rapid spread of STIs in this population.

Suicidal ideation and associated factors among high school adolescents / Ideação suicida e fatores associados entre escolares adolescentes

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of suicidal ideation and its associated factors in school adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional school-based study with 674 students from public and private schools in Teresina, Piauí, in 2016. Bivariate analysis was performed with the chi-square test and multiple analysis by the Poisson regression model to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS The study participants were mostly female (56.7%), black (77.4%), who lived with their parents (85%), whose mothers had schooling greater than or equal to 8 years of schooling (68.8%), with family income greater than a minimum wage (58.3%), practitioners of some religion (86.8%) and coming from public school (64.7%). The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 7.9%. Higher frequency of suicidal ideation was reported among female students (10.2%). Suicidal ideation was statistically associated with students who reported not living with their parents (adjusted PR = 2.27; 95%CI 1.26-4.10; p < 0.05) and those who reported having suffered sexual violence by other students, teachers or school staff (adjusted PR = 3.40; 95%CI 1.80-6.44; p < 0.05), among which the prevalence of suicidal ideation was more than three times that observed among those who did not mention this type of violence. CONCLUSION The prevalence of suicidal ideation in school adolescents was associated with female students, who did not live with parents and have been victim of sexual violence at school. We recommend advising the school community and health professionals to identify signs of suicidal behavior, especially in those with suspicion or proof of the occurrence of sexual violence at school.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a prevalência de ideação suicida e fatores associados em adolescentes escolares. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal de base escolar com 674 estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas em Teresina, Piauí, em 2016. Realizou-se análise bivariada com o teste do qui-quadrado e análise múltipla pelo modelo de regressão de Poisson para estimar as razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS Os participantes do estudo foram em sua maioria estudantes do sexo feminino (56,7%), negros (77,4%), que moravam com os pais (85%), cujas mães apresentavam escolaridade maior ou igual a 8 anos de estudo (68,8%), com renda familiar maior que um salário mínimo (58,3%), praticantes de alguma religião (86,8%) e procedentes de escola pública (64,7%). A prevalência de ideação suicida foi de 7,9%. Maior frequência de ideação suicida foi relatada entre estudantes do sexo feminino (10,2%). Ideação suicida foi associada estatisticamente aos alunos que referiram não residir com os pais (RP ajustada = 2,27; IC95% 1,26-4,10; p < 0,05) e àqueles que informaram ter sofrido violência sexual por outros alunos, professores ou funcionários da escola (RP ajustada = 3,40; IC95% 1,80-6,44; p < 0,05), entre os quais a prevalência de ideação suicida foi mais de três vezes a observada entre aqueles que não referiram esse tipo de violência. CONCLUSÃO A prevalência de ideação suicida em adolescentes escolares foi associada ao sexo feminino, não residir com os pais e ter sido vítima de violência sexual na escola. Recomenda-se alertar a comunidade escolar e profissionais de saúde para identificarem sinais do comportamento suicida, em especial naqueles com suspeita ou comprovação da ocorrência de violência sexual na escola.

Pessoas idosas tentam suicídio para chamar atenção? / Do older adults attempt suicide for attention?

Resumo Este estudo analisa parte dos resultados de pesquisa nacional multicêntrica que investigou ideações e tentativas de suicídio em idosos. O texto tem como objetivo problematizar a expressão "chamar atenção", usualmente empregada por profissionais de saúde e famílias que acompanham esses idosos para referir-se à sua motivação para o comportamento autodestrutivo. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa com emprego de entrevista semiestruturada, em que se buscou compreender profundamente o fenômeno. Foram analisados 12 casos de idosos com ideação e/ou tentativas de suicídio e relatos de quatro profissionais que se manifestaram sobre o comportamento de "chamar atenção" atribuído a esses idosos. O material coletado foi submetido à análise hermenêutica dialética. A pesquisa se ateve aos fatores articulados às situações na vida do idoso, buscando relacionar os sentimentos dos que idealizaram ou tentaram se matar e o comportamento do atribuído "chamar atenção". Como resultado, emergiram duas grandes categorias analíticas: o chamar atenção segundo a percepção dos idosos; e o chamar atenção para os profissionais de saúde. O estudo mostrou que a ligação que, em geral, familiares ou profissionais de saúde estabelecem entre "chamar atenção" e intenção de cometer suicídio é muito tênue, caracterizando-se mais propriamente como manifestação de que algo não corre bem na vida do idoso. Constatou-se o predomínio de compreensões derivadas do senso comum sobre esses fatos que não apresentam relação direta com o desejo ou a intenção de morte autoinfligida, mas uma dificuldade de compreensão dos sentimentos de isolamento e solidão.

Abstract This study analyzes part of the results of a multicentric national research that investigated suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in older adults. The text aims to question the so-called "attention seeking" behavior, used by health professionals and families of older patients when referring to their motivation for self-destructive behavior. This qualitative research used semi-structured interviews to thoroughly understand this phenomenon. We analyzed 12 cases of older adults with suicidal ideation and/or suicide attempts and reports from four professionals who expressed their opinion on the "attention seeking" behavior attributed to these patients. The data collected underwent dialectical hermeneutic analysis. The research focused on factors associated with situations faced by older adults, aiming to relate the feelings of those who idealized or tried to commit suicide and the "attention seeking" behavior. As a result, two major analytical categories emerged: attention seeking according to older adults; and attention seeking according to health professionals. The study showed that the connection family members or health professionals establish between "attention seeking" and intent to commit suicide is, in general, very tenuous; rather, it characterizes a proper manifestation that something is unwell in the older adult's life. We found a predominance of common-sense understandings about these facts that have no direct relationship with the desire or intention of self-inflicted death, but represent a difficulty in understanding feelings of isolation and loneliness.

Suicidal behavior among substance users: data from the Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drug Survey (II BNADS)

Objective: To investigate the prevalence rates of suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SA) and their association with substance use in a nationally representative sample of Brazilians. Methods: The Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drug Survey (II BNADS) is a household cross-sectional survey that investigated the consumption of psychotropic drugs and associated risk factors. This national probability sample survey used a multistage cluster design to select 4,607 participants aged 14 or older and had a total response rate of 77%. Illegal drug use, SI and SA were obtained by confidential self-report assessment. Results: SI and SA were reported by 9.9 and 5.4% of the sample, respectively. This prevalence was 20.8 and 12.4% among individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD), 31.5 and 16.5% among cannabis users and 40.0 and 20.8% among cocaine users. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, tobacco use, family history of suicide and depression, both SI and SA were positively associated with AUD, cannabis and cocaine use. Conclusion: AUD, cannabis and cocaine use were significantly associated with SI and SA, even after the adjustments. Public health initiatives targeting suicide prevention should consider including assessment and management of substance misuse, and therapeutic approaches to substance misuse should include assessment of suicidality.

Suicidal ideation, anxiety, and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis / Ideação suicida, ansiedade e depressão em pacientes com esclerose múltipla

ABSTRACT Psychiatric disorders frequently occur in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, limited reports are available on these comorbidities. We aimed to investigate the relationships among MS, anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation. Methods: One hundred and thirty two patients with relapsing-remitting MS were evaluated using the Expanded Disability Status Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results: A hierarchical regression analysis was performed to evaluate the variables. The regression equation significantly predicted the BSI score (R2 = 0.306; adjusted R2 = 0.273; F (9, 125) = 9.18; p < 0.0005), and the BDI-II score was the only variable that contributed significantly to this model (p < 0.0005). Conclusions: A high prevalence of depression and anxiety, and a higher rate of suicidal ideation were identified in MS patients compared to the general population. The presence of depressive symptoms appeared to have a direct influence on the risk of suicide.

RESUMO Transtornos psiquiátricos frequentemente ocorrem em pacientes com esclerose múltipla (EM). No entanto, os artigos sobre estas comorbidades são limitados. Pretendemos investigar as relações entre EM, ansiedade, depressão e ideação suicida. Métodos: Cento e trinta e dois pacientes com EM remitente-recorrente foram avaliados usando a Escala de Estado de Incapacidade Expandida, Inventário de Depressão de Beck-II (IDB-II), Escala de Beck para Ideação de Suicídio (BSI) e Escala de Ansiedade e Depressão. Resultados: Uma análise de regressão hierárquica foi realizada para avaliar as variáveis. A equação de regressão previu significativamente o escore BSI (R2 = 0,306; R2 ajustado = 0,273; F (9,125) = 9,18; p < 0,0005) e o escore no IDB-II foi a única variável que contribuiu significativamente para este modelo (p < 0,0005). Conclusões: Uma alta prevalência de depressão e ansiedade e uma maior taxa de ideação suicida foram identificadas em pacientes com EM em comparação com a população em geral. A presença de sintomas depressivos pareceu ter uma influência direta no risco de suicídio.

Suicidal ideation and attempt of older women in Northeastern Brazil / Ideación e intento de suicidio de mujeres ancianas en el nordeste de Brasil / Ideação e tentativa de suicídio de mulheres idosas no nordeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: to associate the life experiences of older women from the Northeast of Brazil with their suicidal ideation and attempts. Method: Qualitative study with fourteen older adults from Piripiri (PI), Teresina (PI), Fortaleza (CE) and Recife (PE) who were interviewed between November 2013 and July 2014. The organization of data originated the themes: experiences of abuse throughout their lives; marital fractures and social isolation; weakened motherhood. Results: The women were born and lived most of their life in the countryside, amid poverty and social exclusion. They had a history of abuse, physical and sexual violence, perpetrated by intimate partners and/or family members. They experienced social isolation, weakened emotional bonds and several suicide attempts. Final considerations: The life of these older women was affected by traumatic events that enhanced feelings of hopelessness, depressive symptoms and the absence of a plan for the future, making them consider suicide as a way to anticipate death.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las experiencias de vida de mujeres ancianas nordestinas con ideación e intento de suicidio. Método: Estudio cualitativo con catorce ancianas de las ciudades de Piripiri (PI), Teresina (PI), Fortaleza (CE) y Recife (PE) que fueron entrevistadas entre noviembre del 2013 y julio del 2014. La organización de los datos originó las temáticas: vivencias de maltratos a lo largo de la vida; fracturas conyugales y aislamiento social; y maternidad frágil. Resultados: Las mujeres nacieron y vivieron buena parte de la vida en la zona rural, en la pobreza y exclusión social. Presentaban historias de maltratos, violencia física y sexual, perpetrada por parejas íntimas o familiares. Experimentaron aislamiento social, vínculos afectivos frágiles y varios intentos de suicidio a lo largo de la vida. Consideraciones finales: La vida de esas ancianas ha sido acometida por eventos traumáticos que agudizaron sentimientos de desesperanza, síntomas depresivos y ausencia de planes para el futuro, lo que las llevó a percibir el suicidio como forma de anticipar la muerte.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as experiências de vida de mulheres idosas nordestinas com ideação e tentativa de suicídio. Método: Estudo qualitativo com catorze idosas das cidades de Piripiri (PI), Teresina (PI), Fortaleza (CE) e Recife (PE) que foram entrevistadas entre novembro de 2013 e julho de 2014. A organização dos dados originou as temáticas: vivências de maus-tratos ao longo da vida; fraturas conjugais e isolamento social; e maternidade fragilizada. Resultados: As mulheres nasceram e viveram boa parte da vida na zona rural, na pobreza e exclusão social. Apresentavam histórias de maus-tratos, violência física e sexual, perpetrada por parceiros íntimos e/ou familiares. Vivenciaram isolamento social, vínculos afetivos fragilizados e várias tentativas de suicídio ao longo da vida. Considerações finais: A vida dessas idosas foi acometida por eventos traumáticos que aguçaram sentimentos de desesperança, sintomas depressivos e ausência de plano para o futuro, percebendo o suicídio como forma de antecipar a morte.

Factors associated with suicidal ideation among university students / Fatores associados à presença de ideação suicida entre universitários / Factores asociados a la presencia de ideación suicida entre universitarios

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the factors associated with suicidal ideation in a representative sample of university students. Methods: cross-sectional study, carried out with 637 students of the Federal University of Mato Grosso. The presence of suicidal ideation, demographic and socioeconomic variables, use of alcohol through the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test, and depressive symptoms (Major Depression Inventory) were investigated. Bivariate analysis was performed with the Chi-square test and multivariate analysis using the Poisson regression model. Results: it was found that 9.9% of the students had suicidal thoughts in the previous 30 days and, in the bivariate analysis, the variables economic class, sexual orientation, religious practice, suicide attempts in the family and among friends, alcohol consumption and depressive symptoms were associated with suicidal ideation. In the multivariate analysis sexual orientation, suicide attempts in the family and the presence of depressive symptoms remained as associated factors. Conclusion: these findings constitute a situational diagnosis that enables the formulation of academic policies and preventive actions to confront this situation on the university campus.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados à ideação suicida em uma amostra representativa de estudantes universitários. Método: estudo transversal analítico, realizado com 637 estudantes de uma Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Investigadas variáveis de presença de ideação suicida, demográficas e socioeconômica, uso de álcool por meio do Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test, e sintomas depressivos (Inventário de Depressão Maior). A análise bivariada foi realizada com o teste do Qui-quadrado, e a análise múltipla pelo modelo de regressão Poisson. Resultados: constatou-se que 9,9% dos estudantes tinham ideias suicidas nos últimos 30 dias, e na análise bivariada as variáveis classe econômica, orientação sexual, prática religiosa, tentativas de suicídio na família e entre amigos, consumo de álcool e sintomas depressivos apresentaram associação com ideação suicida. Na análise múltipla permaneceu como fatores associados orientação sexual, tentativas de suicídio na família e presença de sintomas depressivos. Conclusão: tais achados constituem um diagnóstico situacional que possibilita a formulação de políticas acadêmicas e de ações de prevenção para o enfrentamento dessa situação no campus universitário.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados a la ideación suicida en una muestra representativa de estudiantes universitarios. Método: estudio transversal analítico, realizado con 637 estudiantes en una Universidad Federal de Mato Grosso. Fueron investigadas las variables: presencia de ideación suicida; demográficas y socioeconómicas; uso de alcohol por medio del Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test; y síntomas depresivos (Inventario de Depresión Mayor). El análisis bivariado fue realizado con el test de Chi-cuadrado y el análisis múltiple con el modelo de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: se constató que 9,9% de los estudiantes tuvieron ideas suicidas en los últimos 30 días, y en el análisis bivariado las variables: clase económica; orientación sexual; práctica religiosa; intentos de suicidio en la familia y entre amigos; consumo de alcohol; y síntomas depresivos, presentaron asociación con ideación suicida. En el análisis múltiple permanecieron como factores asociados la orientación sexual, los intentos de suicidio en la familia y la presencia de síntomas depresivos. Conclusión: estos hallazgos constituyen un diagnóstico situacional que posibilita la formulación de políticas académicas y de acciones de prevención para enfrentar esa situación en el campus universitario.

Robin Williams' suicide: a case study / O suicídio de Robin Williams: estudo de caso

Abstract Introduction: The world renowned comedian and four-time Oscar nominated actor Robin Williams died on August 11, 2014. From the outset, the news indicated that his death was believed to be a suicide and this was later confirmed to be true by the autopsy reports. Williams had been suffering from severe depression, which is believed to be the leading contributor to his suicide. In this case study, I will highlight the event of the actor's suicide and the main risk factors along with depression leading to his tragic death. As of the end of 2015, no other case study seemed to have addressed or explored the links between the cause (or causes) and events leading to Robin Williams' suicide. Case description: Robin Williams was suffering from relationship problems, financial problems, drug addiction, and major depression. All of these factors led to his suicide. Comments: The chances of committing suicide drastically increase in the presence of any of the key risk factors. Unfortunately, the actor Robin Williams was dealing with four of the major risk factors all together, which put him at a high risk of committing suicide and eventually led to his tragic death.

Resumo Introdução: O ator Robin Williams, comediante reconhecido internacionalmente e quatro vezes indicado ao Oscar, faleceu no dia 11 de agosto de 2014. Desde o início, os noticiários indicavam que sua morte provavelmente resultara de suicídio, e isso foi confirmado posteriormente nos relatórios da autópsia. Williams vinha sofrendo de depressão severa, a qual, acredita-se, foi o fator que mais contribuiu para seu suicídio. Neste estudo de caso, vou discorrer sobre o suicídio do ator e sobre os principais fatores de risco, além da depressão, que levaram à sua morte trágica. Do final de 2015 para cá, nenhum outro estudo de caso parece ter abordado ou explorado as associações entre a causa (ou as causas) e os eventos que levaram ao suicídio do ator Robin Williams. Descrição do caso: Robin Williams vinha sofrendo com problemas de relacionamento, problemas financeiros, abuso de drogas e depressão severa. Todos esses fatores levaram ao seu suicídio. Comentários: As chances de cometer suicídio aumentam drasticamente na presença de qualquer fator de risco chaves. Infelizmente, o ator Robin Williams estava exposto a quatro fatores de risco chaves simultaneamente, colocando-o sob um alto risco de cometer suicídio, o que eventualmente culminou com sua trágica morte.

Vivencias y experiencias de individuos con ideación e intento suicida / Experiences of Individuals With Suicidal Ideation and Attempts

Introducción: El suicidio es un importante problema de salud pública. Abarca cerca de la mitad de las muertes violentas y se traduce aproximadamente en un millón de muertes anuales. Aunque las tasas de suicidio consumado son relativamente bajas en Colombia comparadas con las de otros países, el comportamiento suicida, representado no solo por el suicidio consumado, es un significativo problema de salud mental. Objetivo: Comprender cuáles son las vivencias y experiencias de un grupo de sujetos frente al fenómeno de la ideación y el intento suicida. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo con abordaje psicodinámico. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad con el fin de explorar procesos de pensamiento, emociones, motivaciones y vivencias que subyacen y acompañan al intento suicida. Resultados: Se entrevistó a 5 mujeres y 3 varones. La edad promedio era 29 años. La exploración de la experiencia subjetiva en el presente estudio mostró que la vivencia de soledad y el dolor psíquico se vinculan a la desesperanza, el pesimismo y la desmotivación. Asimismo, la ilusión de morir representa una invitación a la tentativa suicida. Conclusiones: Es importante considerar la valoración subjetiva que los pacientes con riesgo suicida hacen de su depresión y las situaciones estresantes. Además, los conceptos de soledad y dolor psíquico tienen un papel protagónico en la interacción entre el discurso y las vivencias de los participantes entrevistados.

Introduction: Suicide is a major public health problem. It covers about half of violent deaths and results in approximately one million deaths annually. Although completed suicide rates in Colombia are relatively low when compared with other countries, suicidal behavior, represented not only by completed suicide, is a significant mental health problem. Objective: To understand life experiences of a group of subjects related to the phenomenon of ideation and suicide attempt. Methodology: A qualitative study with a psychodynamic approach. In-depth interviews were conducted in order to explore thought processes, emotions, motivations and experiences that underlie and accompany the suicide attempt. Results: Five women and 3 men were interviewed. The average age was 29 years. The exploration of subjective experiences in the present study showed that loneliness and psychic pain were linked to hopelessness, pessimism and discouragement. Also, the illusion of death represents an invitation to suicide attempt. Conclusions: It is important to consider the subjective assessment that patients with suicidal risk make of their depression and stressful life situations. Additionally, the concepts of loneliness and psychic pain have a leading role in the interaction between discourse and the experiences of the participants interviewed.

Evaluation of the quality of life and risk of suicide

OBJECTIVE: To identify the socio-demographic profiles, suicidal ideation, the presence of mental disorders and the quality of life of patients using mental health services in Arapiraca, Alagoas, Brazil. METHOD: Interviews were conducted in family health units and the Psychosocial Attention Center. The sample included 202 mental disorder patients with a risk of suicide attempts, 207 mental disorder patients without a risk of suicide attempts and 196 controls. This study used an identification questionnaire, the abbreviated World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire, Beck‘s Suicidal Ideation Scale and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. RESULTS: Patients who had a mental disorder and a risk of suicide attempts tended to be single, had less education and lower family income, were not working and showed lower scores in quality of life domains; 73 of these patients had suicidal ideation in the previous week. Depressive disorders, manic episodes, hypomanic episodes, social phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychotic syndromes and generalized anxiety disorder were more frequent and statistically significant for patients at risk for suicide attempts. CONCLUSION: The management of patients with a risk of suicide attempts must focus on individual patients because this risk is directly linked to changes in quality of life and the improvement of these patients’ prognosis.

É possível superar ideações e tentativas de suicídio? Um estudo sobre idosos / Is it possible to overcome suicidal ideation and suicide attempts? A study of the elderly

Este estudo apresenta uma análise qualitativa sobre como idosos que tentaram suicídio passaram a superar o desejo e o impulso de tirar a própria vida. Faz parte de uma pesquisa com 87 homens e mulheres brasileiros de 60 anos ou mais, residentes em várias regiões do país e com comportamento suicida, dos quais 20 deram pistas importantes sobre suas estratégias de enfrentamento (coping). A análise aqui realizada se refere apenas a esses últimos. Todos foram ouvidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, que incluíam em seu escopo perguntas sobre o processo de superação das ideações e tentativas. O foco central da análise – superação – se apoiou nos seguintes conceitos: estratégias de enfrentamento (coping), autonomia e equilíbrio emocional. E da fala dos idosos emergiram cinco núcleos de sentido que ressaltam a efetividade dos seguintes elementos, independentemente do sexo dos entrevistados: religiosidade e práticas religiosas; apoio social e familiar; suporte dos serviços de saúde; contato com animais de estimação; e retomada da autonomia para gerir a própria vida. Este estudo pode subsidiar a prevenção primária e secundária dos comportamentos suicidas em pessoas idosas.

This study presents a qualitative analysis of how older people who had attempted suicide began to overcome the desire and the urge to take their own life. This article is based on a survey of 87 Brazilian men and women aged 60 and over, living in different regions of Brazil, who have demonstrated suicidal behaviour; twenty of whom gave important information about their coping strategies. The analysis in this article only refers to the aforementioned twenty participants. All the participants were heard through semi-structured interviews, which included questions about the process of overcoming suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. The central focus of the analysis - overcoming suicidal ideation and suicide attempts - was based on the following concepts: coping strategies, autonomy, and emotional balance. Irrespective of the gender of the respondents, five centers of meaning emerged from the discourses of the elderly, which highlighted the effectiveness of the following factors: religiosity and religious practices; social and family support; the support of health services; contact with pets; and the recovery of the autonomy to manage their own lives. This study can help to support the primary and secondary prevention of suicidal behavior in older people.

Instrumentos, estratégias e método de abordagem qualitativa sobre tentativas e ideações suicidas de pessoas idosas / Tools, strategies and qualitative approach in relation to suicidal attempts and ideation in the elderly

O artigo analisa a qualidade e a consistência de um roteiro de entrevista compreensiva, adaptado para o estudo da tentativa de suicídio e sua ideação entre pessoas idosas e apresenta o método utilizado na aplicação desse instrumento. O objetivo é demonstrar como o uso da entrevista semiestruturada e sua forma de organização e análise de dados foram testados e aperfeiçoados por uma rede de pesquisadores de doze universidades ou centros de pesquisa do Brasil, Uruguai e Colômbia. O método envolveu a aplicação do instrumento em que se socializou um manual de instruções sobre a coleta, sistematização e análise de dados. A metodologia foi aplicada em 67 entrevistas com idosos na faixa de 60 anos ou mais e em 34 entrevistas com profissionais da saúde em treze municípios brasileiros, em Montevidéu e Bogotá, permitindo a verificação da consistência do instrumento usado e a aplicabilidade do método, durante o processo e ao final. O roteiro aperfeiçoado e as instruções para replicá-lo e analisá-lo são aqui apresentados. Os resultados apontam a adequação e a credibilidade dessa abordagem metodológica testada e qualificada de modo interdisciplinar e interinstitucional.

The article analyses the quality and consistency of a comprehensive interview guide, adapted to study attempted suicide and its ideation among the elderly, and imparts the method followed in applying this tool. The objective is to show how the use of a semi-structured interview and the organization and data analysis set-up were tested and perfected by a network of researchers from twelve universities or research centers in Brazil, Uruguay and Colombia. The method involved application and evaluation of the tool and joint production of an instruction manual on data collection, systematization and analysis. The methodology was followed in 67 interviews with elderly people of 60 or older and in 34 interviews with health professionals in thirteen Brazilian municipalities and in Montevideo and Bogotá, allowing the consistency of the tool and the applicability of the method to be checked, during the process and at the end. The enhanced guide and the instructions for reproducing it are presented herein. The results indicate the suitability and credibility of this methodological approach, tested and certified in interdisciplinary and interinstitutional terms.

Desesperança, ideação suicida e depressão em pacientes renais crônicos em tratamento por hemodiálise ou transplante / Hopelessness, suicide ideation, and depression in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis or transplant recipients

Introdução: Sintomas de desesperança, ideação suicida e depressão influenciam na qualidade e expectativa de vida de doentes renais crônicos. Objetivo: Avaliar se existe diferença nos sintomas de desesperança, ideação suicida e depressão entre pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise ou transplantados. Analisamos também se variáveis sociodemográficas como atividade laboral, ter dependentes, sexo e estado civil interferem nesses sintomas. Métodos: Estudo comparativo, de corte transversal, em que 50 pacientes em hemodiálise crônica e 50 transplantados renais, clinicamente estáveis, sem psicopatologias, pareados por sexo e idade, foram selecionados aleatoriamente. Instrumentos -Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI) e Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Resultados: BHS: 2% de cada grupo tiveram escore > 8 (p = 1,00). BSI: 4% em hemodiálise e 6% dos transplantados tinham escore > 1 (p = 1,00). BDI: 20% em hemodiálise e 12% dos transplantados apresentaram escore > 14 (p = 0,275). Não houve relação entre as variáveis testadas e os sintomas de desesperança e ideação suicida. Não exercer atividade laboral implicou mais sintomas depressivos (escore médio BDI: 10,5 vs. 7,3, p = 0,027). Transplantados de doadores falecidos apresentaram mais sintomas depressivos comparados aos receptores de doadores vivos (escore médio BDI: 11,0 vs. 6,7, p = 0,042). Conclusão: Não houve diferença na intensidade dos sintomas de desesperança, ideação suicida e depressão entre pacientes estáveis em hemodiálise e transplantados. Não exercer atividade laboral e receber transplante de doador falecido levou a mais sintomas depressivos. A prevalência de ideação suicida e sintomas depressivos, nas duas modalidades, merece atenção e indica a necessidade de monitorização e cuidados nesses pacientes. .

Introduction: Hopelessness, suicide ideation and depression symptoms affect life quality and expectancy of chronic kidney disease patients. Objective: To verify whether there are differences in hopelessness, suicide ideation and depression symptoms between chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis or transplant recipients. We also analyzed the influence of sociodemographic factors in these symptoms. Methods: Cross-sectional study in which 50 clinically stable chronic hemodialysis patients and 50 renal transplant patients matched by gender and age. Instruments-Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: BHS: 2% of each group scoring > 8 (p = 1.00). BSI: 4% in hemodialysis and 6% of the transplant patients scoring > 1 (p = 1.000). BDI: 20% in hemodialysis and 12% of transplant patients scoring > 14 (p = 0.275). Patients who did not have a labor activity presented more depressive symptoms (average BDI score: 10.5 vs. 7.3, p = 0.027). Transplant patients from deceased donor presented more depressive symptoms compared with those with transplant from living donors (average BDI score: 11.0 vs. 6.7, p = 0.042). Conclusion: There was no difference in the intensity of hopelessness, suicide ideation and depression symptoms between stable hemodialysis and transplant patients. Not performing a labor activity and receiving the transplant from deceased donor lead to more depressive symptoms. The high prevalence of depressive symptoms and the finding of suicide ideation in both modalities of renal replacement therapy point to the need to monitor and care for those patients. .

Women with HIV: gender violence and suicidal ideation / Mulheres com HIV: violência de gênero e ideação suicida

OBJECTIVE To analyze the relationship between gender violence and suicidal ideation in women with HIV. METHODS A cross-sectional study with 161 users of specialized HIV/AIDS care services. The study investigated the presence of gender violence through the Brazilian version of the World Health Organization Violence against Women instrument, and suicidal ideation through the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS software, using the Chi-square test and Poisson multiple regression model. RESULTS Eighty-two women with HIV reported suicidal ideation (50.0%), 78 (95.0%) of who had suffered gender violence. Age at first sexual intercourse < 15 years old, high number of children, poverty, living with HIV for long, and presence of violence were statistically associated with suicidal ideation. Women who suffered gender violence showed 5.7 times more risk of manifesting suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS Women with HIV showed a high prevalence to gender violence and suicidal ideation. Understanding the relationship between these two grievances may contribute to the comprehensive care of these women and implementation of actions to prevent violence and suicide. .

OBJETIVO Analisar a relação entre violência de gênero e ideação suicida em mulheres com HIV. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal com 161 usuárias de serviço de atenção especializada em HIV/aids. Investigou-se a presença de violência de gênero por meio da versão brasileira do instrumento World Health Organization Violence Against Women e a ideação suicida pelo Questionário de Ideação Suicida. A análise estatística foi realizada com o software SPSS utilizando o teste de Qui-quadrado e o modelo de regressão múltipla de Poisson. RESULTADOS Oitenta e duas mulheres com HIV referiram ideação suicida (50,0%), 78 (95,0%) das quais haviam sofrido violência de gênero. Idade da primeira relação sexual < 15 anos, maior número de filhos, pobreza, maior tempo de vida com HIV e presença de violência mostraram-se estatisticamente associadas à ideação suicida. Mulheres que sofreram violência de gênero apresentaram risco 5,7 vezes maior de manifestar ideação suicida. CONCLUSÕES Mulheres com HIV apresentaram elevada prevalência de violência de gênero e ideação suicida. Compreender a relação entre esses dois agravos poderá contribuir para o atendimento integral dessas mulheres e a adoção de ações de prevenção da violência e do suicídio. .

Conducta suicida y trastornos psiquiátricos en Chile, un estudio poblacional / Suicidal behavior and psychiatric disorders in Chile. A population-based study

Background: Suicidal behavior ranges from ideation to consummation of suicide. In Chile, rates of suicide increased from 4.8 to 12.7/100,000 in the period 1992-2009. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of suicidal behavior and its relationship with sociodemographic factors and psychiatric diseases. Material and Methods: The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), was applied to a representative sample of 2,978 Chilean participants. The prevalence of four suicidal behaviors (thinking about or wishing death, suicide ideation and suicide attempts) and of psychiatric diseases according to the revised third version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM III-R), was calculated. Results: The lifetime prevalence of suicidal conception was 14.3% and the suicide attempt 7.7%, the latest associated with sex, age, school years, smoking habits, being married or having a relationship, depressive disorders, dysthymia, and alcohol, drug and tobacco dependence. Conclusions: Rates founded exceed international prevalence data and extrapolated to current rates of completed suicide, higher levels of suicidal behavior should be expected. Considering the associated disorders we can infer that it is essential a correct diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders and substance consumption to any other specific interventions.

Comportamientos de riesgo para la salud en niños y adolescentes con intentos de suicidio y en sus familiares / Risk factors and behaviors among children and adolescents hospitalized for a suicidal attempt

Background: Suicidal behavior is the result of the interaction of several factors and represents an increasing health problem. Aim: To characterize epidemiologically children and adolescents with suicidal attempts and compare them to a control group. Material and Methods: A case-control and prospective study, based on clinical interviews and tests performed to 30 children and adolescents hospitalized due to a suicidal attempt and their parents or tutors, (GIS) and 40 ambulatory controls without such history (CG). Psychopathological disorders, risk behaviors (substance use, maltreatment, peer violence, sexual abuse and early sexual relations), family factors and their association with suicidal attempts, were analyzed. Results: Seventy seven percent of participants with a history of suicidal attempt had psychopathological disorders (depression in 38%) and a higher prevalence of suicidal behavior, maltreatment, substance and sexual abuse. Male sex was a risk factor for suicide among children under 12 years and female sex was a risk factor for adolescents aged over 12years. Other risk factors detected were a risky communication between parents and siblings. Conclusions: Children and adolescents who attempted suicide and their families have a higher prevalence of risk behaviors than the control group.