Why are mini-implants lost: The value of the implantation technique!

The use of mini-implants have made a major contribution to orthodontic treatment. Demand has aroused scientific curiosity about implant placement procedures and techniques. However, the reasons for instability have not yet been made totally clear. The aim of this article is to establish a relationship between implant placement technique and mini-implant success rates by means of examining the following hypotheses: 1) Sites of poor alveolar bone and little space between roots lead to inadequate implant placement; 2) Different sites require mini-implants of different sizes! Implant size should respect alveolar bone diameter; 3) Properly determining mini-implant placement site provides ease for implant placement and contributes to stability; 4) The more precise the lancing procedures, the better the implant placement technique; 5) Self-drilling does not mean higher pressures; 6) Knowing where implant placement should end decreases the risk of complications and mini-implant loss.

O uso de mini-implantes trouxe grandes contribuições ao tratamento ortodôntico. Essa demanda gerou curiosidade científica sobre os procedimentos e técnicas de implantação. Entretanto, instabilidades desses dispositivos ocorrem por motivos ainda não totalmente esclarecidos. Objetiva-se, com esse trabalho, relacionar a técnica de implantação com a taxa de sucesso dos mini-implantes por meio das seguintes hipóteses: 1) áreas com osso alveolar pobre e com pouco espaço inter-radicular levam à inadequada implantação; 2) diferentes áreas requerem distintos tamanhos de mini-implantes! O tamanho do implante deve acompanhar o diâmetro do osso alveolar; 3) a correta determinação do local em que será colocado o mini-implante facilita a instalação e contribui para a estabilidade; 4) quanto mais precisa for a lancetagem, melhor será a técnica de implantação; 5) autoperfuração não significa alta pressão; 6) saber onde finalizar a implantação diminui a incidência de complicações e de perda dos mini-implantes.

ZAP-70: aspectos práticos / ZAP-70: practical aspects

A ZAP-70 é uma proteína kinase normalmente expressa nos linfócitos T e células NK, mas ausente nos linfócitos B. No entanto, ela está expressa nas células B de pacientes com LLC que não apresentam mutação nos genes da região variável da cadeia pesada de imunoglobulina (genes IgVH). Além disso, observa-se que a expressão da ZAP-70 é estável nestes pacientes ao longo do tempo, diferentemente da expressão de CD38, outro marcador considerado de prognóstico nesta doença. Estudos têm sido realizados para validá-la como marcador "surrogate" para o estado de mutação dos genes IgVH (um forte fator de prognóstico), uma vez que a sua avaliação molecular é laboriosa e demorada. O método mais rápido e simples para avaliar a expressão da ZAP-70 é através da citometria de fluxo utilizando-se anticorpos monoclonais já disponíveis no mercado. O primeiro produto comercial (clone 2F3.2 da marca Upstate) é puro, não conjugado com fluorocromos, o que torna o ensaio laborioso, apesar de resultados consistentes. Rapidamente surgiram outros Ac conjugados com fluorocromos (com FITC da própria Upstate, ou Alexa-fluor, FITC ou PE da Caltag) e estudos estão sendo realizados para a sua validação técnica.

ZAP-70 is a 70Kd protein kinase present in normal T Lymphocytes and natural killer cells (NK), but absent in normal B lymphocytes. Nevertheless, B cells in some B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) patients express ZAP-70 and it has been found to be associated with the unmutated status of immunoglobulin heavy chains (IgVH) genes, a strong prognostic factor in CLL. In addition, the ZAP-70 expression in CLL cells is stable over time, differently to the CD38 expression, another prognostic marker in CLL. Several studies have been performed to validate the ZAP-70 expression as a surrogate marker for the IgVH mutation status which uses a laborious and time consuming technique. Using monoclonal antibodies, anti-ZAP-70 is easily detected by a rapid and sensitive flow cytometric technique. Upstate Biotechnology developed the first unconjugated antibody (2F3.2 clone) and soon after other products were developed, including fluorochrome conjugated ones, facilitating the technical assays. ZAP-70 can be evaluated by flow cytometric methods and its expression predicts the prognosis in the great majority of CLL cases.

Patogênese da leucemia linfóide crônica / Pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A leucemia linfóide crônica foi durante muito tempo entendida como uma doença relativamente homogênea causada pela acumulação de linfócitos B monoclonais, imuno-incompetentes e com graves distúrbios nos mecanismos normais de apoptose. Evidências recentes demonstram que as células leucêmicas LLC constituem-se em linfócitos B previamente expostos a antígenos, ou seja, provavelmente imunoðcompetentes. Além disso, ao contrário do que se acreditava, o aparato de apoptose destas células parece estar intacto. Pelo menos dois subgrupos distintos de LLC podem ser caracterizados por particularidades imunobiológicas, cursos clínicos e prognósticos distintos. A presença de mutações somáticas em genes da região variável de imunoglobulina define estes dois subtipos, onde o grupo não mutado apresenta melhor prognóstico, ao passo que o grupo com mutações indica cursa com pior prognóstico. A célula de origem da LLC, ou seja, a célula em que o evento leuceðmogênico inicial ocorre provavelmente é um progenitor linfóide, com boa parte da sua maquinaria transcipcinal comprometida com a linhagem B, mas com algumas características de linfócitos T anormalmente expressas. A progressão destas células para os linfócitos tipicamente LLC depende de estimulação antigênica. Tanto as formas não mutada como mutada expressam BCR, mas, aparentemente, as células com mutação são anérgicas. Células de LLC não mutada apresentam telômeros mais curtos que nos casos com mutação, indicando que os primeiros devem sofrer um número maior de divisões celulares e, portanto, uma maior probabilidade de adquirirem mutações. A expressão anômala de ZAP70, uma tirosina-quinase importante no processo de fosforilação de CD3 em linfócitos T, associa-se fortemente com o status não mutado e pode ser utilizado como um possível "surrogate" para a avaliação prognóstica. Alterações citogenéticas são freqüentes em LLC, mas provavelmente são fenômenos tardios da doença e a sua aquisição apresenta...

For decades, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been regarded as homogeneous entity caused by the accumulation of monoclonal and immunoincompetent B cells with dysfunctional apoptotic pathways. Recently, many of these certainties have been questioned by evidence that demonstrate that CLL cells have been previously challenged by antigens, and therefore are immunoðcompetent cells. Moreover, in proliferative compartments, like the mantle zone of lymphoid organs or pseudo-follicles in the bone marrow, defects in proliferation seems to be as important as apoptosis impairment in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Two distinct subgroups of CLL can be segregated based on immunoðbiologic characteristics, clinical course and outcomes. The two subgroups can be identified by the presence of somatic mutations in the variable region of the heavy chain gene. The unmutated group presents a better outcome and is probably composed of anergized B cells previously exposed to an antigen which frequently affects a common segment of the variable region. The mutated group courses with a poorer prognosis and commonly presents an abnormal expression of ZAP70, a typical T-cell tyrosine kinase. The cell which originates CLL is a very early lymphocyte that still bears some T-cell characteristics, such as CD5 and ZAP70 expressions, but with the transcriptional machinery committed to the B-lineage. The original genetic lesion in this CLL primary cell is unknown. Cytogenetic abnormalities are frequently seen in the circulating lymphocytes and are probably late events in the pathogenesis of CLL.

The use of reverse transcription-PCR for the diagnosis of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited disorder of the innate immune system characterized by a defective oxidative burst of phagocytes and subsequent impairment of their microbicidal activity. Mutations in one of the NADPH-oxidase components affect gene expression or function of this system, leading to the phenotype of CGD. Defects in gp91-phox lead to X-linked CGD, responsible for approximately 70 percent of CGD cases. Investigation of the highly heterogeneous genotype of CGD patients includes mutation analysis, Northern blot or Western blot assays according to the particular case. The aim of the present study was to use reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for the analysis of molecular defects responsible for X-linked CGD in eight Brazilian patients and to assess its potential for broader application to molecular screening in CGD. Total RNA was prepared from Epstein B virus-transformed B-lymphocytes and reverse transcribed using random hexamers. The resulting cDNA was PCR-amplified by specific and overlapping pairs of primers designed to amplify three regions of the gp91-phox gene: exons 1-5, 3-9, and 7-13. This strategy detected defective gp91-phox expression in seven patients. The RT-PCR results matched clinical history, biochemical data (nitroblue tetrazolium or superoxide release assay) and available mutation analysis in four cases. In three additional cases, RT-PCR results matched clinical history and biochemical data. In another case, RT-PCR was normal despite a clinical history compatible with CGD and defective respiratory burst. We conclude that this new application of RT-PCR analysis - a simple, economical and rapid method - was appropriate for screening molecular defects in 7 of 8 X-linked CGD patients.

Caracterización clínico molecular de la enfermedad granulomatosa crónica autosómica recesiva causada por déficit de p47-phox / Clinical and molecular characterization af autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease caused by p47-phox deficiency

Background: The cytosolic protein p47-phox (phagocyte oxidase) is one of the essential components of the superoxide generating system in phagocytes and its defect causes approximately 30 percent of the chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) cases. Aim: Two patients were studied, belonging to the same family, without a consanguinous background, in which deficiency or absence of superoxide generation was found together with recurrent and severe infections in one case and benign infections in the second. Methods: The presence of gp91-, p67- and p47-phox in patients and controls was determined by Western Blot analysis of granulocytes. Sequencing of PCR amplified DNA was performed by an enzimatic method. Results: Western Blot analysis showed normal expression of gp91 and p67 and absence of p47-phox. The molecular genetic study demonstrated a homocygotic dinucleotide GT (GT) deletion at the beginning of exon 2 of the p47-phox gene. The same mutation has been found in European, American and Japanese patients. Conclusions: The molecular characterization of this pathology done for the first time in Chile is important for diagnostic classification, patient prognosis, and adequate genetic advice and a possible future therapy