Caracterización demográfica y epidemiológica de pacientes críticos con lesiones por presión en el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín / Demographic and epidemiological characterization of critical patients with lesions due to pressure at the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital

INTRODUCCION. El paciente crítico presenta mayor riesgo de lesiones por presión, su incidencia en cuidados intensivos continúa elevada y variable, a pesar de su prevención. En Ecuador se desconoce la realidad de esta complicación. OBJETIVO. Realizar una caracterización demográfica y epidemiológica a los pacientes críticos con lesiones por presión. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. De una población de 2 087 ingresados en la Unidad de Adultos Área de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, se recolectaron datos demográficos y epidemiológicos de 147 registros de historias clínicas físicas y electrónicas de pacientes que presentaron lesiones por presión, en el periodo 01 de enero al 31 diciembre 2018. Los datos fueron analizados en el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versión 22. RESULTADOS. La mediana de edad fue 66 años; sexo hombre 63,3%, pre obesidad 40,8%, hipertensos 37,6% y diabéticos 23,8%. Más del 60,0% recibieron ventilación mecánica invasiva, sedantes y drogas vasoactivas, la mediana del Acute Physiology and Chronic Health disease Classification System II fue 20 (IQ 14-27), mortalidad 34,0%. La prevalencia de lesiones por presión fue 7,0% y la incidencia 3,49%. En la localización de las lesiones por presión: en región sacra 62,6%, talón 24,0% y cara 7,5%; 59,2% estadío 2 y 5,4% estadío 3. Al comparar los grupos de lesiones por presión no adquiridas versus adquiridas hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en duración de hospitalización previa a la detección de lesiones por presión (p<0,001), duración de hospitalización (p=0,003), localización de lesiones por presión en sacro (p=0,02), cara (p=0,02) y estadío 3 de lesiones por presión (p=0,03), en el resto de variables no se encontró diferencias. CONCLUSIÓN. La prevalencia de lesiones por presión está en los estándares aceptados a nivel internacional, su frecuencia y estadíos son similares a otros reportes, gracias a las medidas de prevención y control adoptadas por la Unidad.

INTRODUCTION. A patient at a critical situation has a higher risk of pressure injuries, and their incidence in intensive care continues being high and variable, despite its prevention. In Ecuador the reality of this complication is unknown. OBJECTIVE. To perform a demographic and epidemiological characterization of critically ill patients with pressure injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Descriptive, retrospective study. From a population of 2 087 admitted to the Adult Unit Intensive Care Area of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital, demographic and epidemiological data were collected from 147 records of physical and electronic Medical Records of patients who pressure injuries, in the period January 1 to December 31, 2018. The data were analyzed in the statistical program International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 22. RESULTS. Median age was 66 years; male sex 63,3%, pre-obese 40,8%, hypertensive 37,6% and diabetic 23,8%. More than 60,0% received invasive mechanical ventilation, sedatives and vasoactive drugs, the median of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health disease Classification System II was 20 (IQ 14-27), mortality 34,0%. The prevalence of pressure injuries was 7,0% and incidence 3,49%. The location of pressure injuries were: the sacral region 62,6%, heel 24,0% and face 7,5%; 59,2% stage 2 and 5,4% stage 3. When comparing the groups of non-acquired versus acquired pressure lesions, there was a statistically significant difference in hospital-stay lengths prior to the detection of pressure lesions (p<0,001), hospital-stay lengths (p=0,003), location of pressure lesions in sacrum (p=0,02), face (p=0,02) and stage 3 of pressure lesions (p=0,03); no differences were found in the rest of the variables. CONCLUSION. The prevalence of pressure injuries remains within international accepted standards, their frequency and stages are similar to other reports.

Anesthetic considerations and postoperative pain management in radical penectomy: Case report / Penectomía radical, consideraciones anestésicas y manejo del dolor postoperatorio: Reporte de un caso

Abstract Radical penectomy (RP) is infrequently performed as it is reserved for specific cases of penile cancer, hence the paucity of reports regarding surgical and anesthetic considerations. Acute postoperative pain, chronic post-surgical pain, concomitant mood disorders as well as a profound impact on the patient's quality of life have been documented. This case is of a patient with diabetes and coronary heart disease, who presented with advanced, over infected penile cancer, depressive disorder and a history of pain of neuropathic characteristics. The patient underwent radical penectomy using a combined spinal-epidural technique for anesthesia. Preoperatively, the patient was treated with pregabalin and magnesium sulphate, and later received a blood transfusion due to intraoperative blood loss. Adequate intra and postoperative analgesia was achieved with L-bupivacaine given through a peridural catheter during one week. Recovery was good, pain was stabilized to preoperative levels and the patient received pharmacological support and follow-up by psychiatry and the pain team.

Resumen La penectomía radical (PR) es una cirugía infrecuente, reservada para casos específicos de cáncer de pene, por lo que hay escasos informes sobre sus consideraciones quirúrgicas y anestésicas. Se ha documentado dolor agudo postoperatorio, dolor crónico posquirúrgico y alteraciones del estado de ánimo concomitantes, así como un profundo impacto en la calidad de vida posterior del paciente. Se presenta el caso de un paciente diabético y cardiópata coronario con cáncer de pene avanzado y sobreinfectado, trastorno depresivo y dolor previo de características neuropáticas, que recibe técnica combinada espinal-peridural para cirugía de penectomía radical. Se le trata también con pregabalina preoperatoria, sulfato de magnesio y transfusión por sangrado quirúrgico. Se otorgó una adecuada analgesia intra y postoperatoria, mediante catéter peridural con L-bupivacaína hasta por una semana. El paciente tuvo una buena recuperación, estabilización del dolor a niveles preoperatorios, controles y apoyo farmacológico por psiquiatría de enlace y equipo del dolor.

Assessment of Hypnosis Knowledge Among Dentists: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the attitudes, experiences, training levels, and interest in future education regarding the use of hypnosis by dentists working in Dental Clinic of Monastir, Tunisia. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 330 dentists working in Dental Clinic of Monastir in November 2019. Students, internship, residents, and professors were randomly selected. This was a survey with a structured questionnaire mailed to all dentists. The questionnaire was pre-fabricated, simple, and close-ended. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 statistical software. Results: A total of 202 dentists respond to this survey. 54% of the participants were interns with a female predominance (66.5%). Findings revealed that beliefs toward hypnosis in the sample were generally positive. Using a visual analogue scale, dentists reported having moderate acknowledge in hypnosis (3.4). 60% of the participants in our study consider that hypnosis is useful in dentistry and, more particularly, in pediatric dentistry. 78.2% of respondents want to follow training courses in hypnosis. Conclusion: Our survey highlights the weak knowledge of participants in hypnosis and reveals certain misconceptions about this procedure. More efforts are required to better educate dentists about hypnosis's benefits in their practice.

Analgesia multimodal una alternativa para el paciente quirúrgico / Multimodal analgesia: an alternative for the surgical patient

Introducción: El dolor posterior a una intervención quirúrgica, es un síntoma frecuentemente observado, no cumple una función útil y el peligro de no tratarlo aumenta la morbilidad y mortalidad posoperatoria. Objetivo: Destacar la importancia de la analgesia multimodal en el control del dolor agudo posoperatorio. Métodos: Revisión en la literatura impresa tanto nacional como internacional, sobre la analgesia y la modalidad multimodal y además, se hizo búsqueda en Internet. En los artículos revisados se obtuvieron distintos aspectos clínicos de la analgesia multimodal y de sus protocolos. Resultados: En la actualidad para mitigar el dolor y alcanzar la máxima expresión en la analgesia posoperatoria se han desarrollado diferentes modalidades analgésicas, aunque de todas ellas solo ha alcanzado mayor grado de recomendación, la analgesia multimodal porque es capaz de conseguir con su efecto sinérgico y con pequeñas dosis, una mejor potencia para producir analgesia y menos efectos adversos. Consideraciones finales: La analgesia multimodal logra un control adecuado del dolor agudo posoperatorio, disminuye las complicaciones posoperatorias y la necesidad de analgesia de rescate, pero todo esto depende del protocolo de analgesia multimodal propuesto, la vía de administración de los fármacos elegidos, sus dosis y el cumplimiento de los intervalos de aplicación(AU)

Introduction: The pain after surgery is a frequently observed symptom, it is not a useful function and the danger of not treating it increases postoperative morbidity and mortality. Objective: To highlight the importance of multimodal analgesia in the control of acute postoperative pain. Methods: It was made a review in the printed literature both national and international on the multimodal analgesia, and in addition, a search in Internet. In the reviewed articles there were obtained different clinical aspects of multimodal analgesia and its protocolization. Results: Nowadays, in order to mitigate the pain and achieve the maximum expression in the postoperative analgesia, there have been developed different analgesic modalities, although of all of them it only has achieved a greater degree of recommendation, the multimodal analgesia because it is capable of achieving with its synergetic effect and with small doses, a better power to produce analgesia and fewer adverse effects. Conclusions: The multimodal analgesia achieved adequate control of acute postoperative pain, decreasing the inherent complications of this state and the need of rescue analgesia. All of the above depends on the proposed protocol of multimodal analgesia, the route of administration of the chosen drugs, their doses and the compliance of the application intervals(AU)

Comparison between erector spinal plane block and epidural block techniques for postoperative analgesia in open cholecystectomies: a randomized clinical trial / Comparação entre as técnicas de bloqueio do plano do músculo eretor da espinha e bloqueio epidural para analgesia pós-operatória em colecistectomias abertas: um ensaio clínico randomizado

Abstract Introduction and objectives: Blockade of the Erector Spinal Muscle (ESP Block) is a relatively new block, initially described for chronic thoracic pain analgesia, but it has already been described for anesthesia and analgesia in thoracic surgical procedures and, more recently, for high abdominal surgeries. The aim of the study was to compare two techniques, ESP Block and Epidural Block, with morphine and local anesthetic for postoperative analgesia of open cholecystectomy surgeries. Methods: Controlled single-blind randomized clinical trial with 31 patients (ESP Block, n = 15; Epidural, n = 16), of both genders, ages between 27 and 77 years. The ESP block was performed at the T8 level with injection of 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine bilaterally. The epidural block was performed at the T8-T9 space with 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine and 1 mg of morphine. Results: The ESP Block group presented higher mean ​​Numeric Pain Scale (NPS) values for pain in the up to 2 hour (p = 0.001) and in the 24 hour (p = 0.001) assessments. The ESP Block group had a three-fold increased risk (43.7% vs. 13.3%) of rescue opioid use in the 24 postoperative hours when compared to the epidural group (RR = 3.72, 95% CI: 0.91 to 15.31, p = 0.046). Conclusion: ESP Block did not prove to be an effective technique for postoperative analgesia of open cholecystectomy, at the doses performed in this study, having required more use of rescue opioid, and without differences in NPS. More comprehensive studies are required to assess the efficacy of ESP block for the visceral and abdominal somatic component, considering the specific blockade level.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivo: O Bloqueio do Plano do Músculo Eretor da Espinha (ESP block) é um bloqueio relativamente novo, inicialmente descrito para analgesia de dor torácica crônica, porém já descrito para anestesia e analgesia em procedimentos cirúrgicos torácicos e, mais recentemente, para cirurgias abdominais altas. O estudo objetivou comparar as técnicas de bloqueio ESP e bloqueio Epidural com morfina e anestésico local para analgesia pós-operatória de cirurgias de colecistectomia aberta. Método: Estudo clínico randomizado controlado, unicego com 31 pacientes (ESP block, n = 15; Epidural, n = 16), de ambos os sexos, idades entre 27 e 77 anos. O ESP block foi realizado no nível de T8 com injeção de 20 mL de ropivacaína 0,5% bilateral. O bloqueio Epidural foi realizado no espaço T8-T9 com 20 mL de ropivacaína 0,5% e 1 mg de morfina. Resultados: O grupo ESP block apresentou valores médios de dor pela Escala Visual Numérica (EVN) maiores nas avaliações até 2 horas (p= 0,001) e em 24 horas (p= 0,001). O grupo ESP block apresentou um risco três vezes maior - 43,7%vs.13,3% - de uso de opioide de resgate em 24 horas pós-operatórias do que o grupo epidural (RR = 3,72; 95% IC 0,91 a 15,31; p= 0,046). Conclusão: Nas doses realizadas nesse estudo, o ESP block não se mostrou uma técnica efetiva para analgesia pós-operatória de colecistectomia aberta, com mais uso de opioide de resgate e sem diferenças na escala visual numérica de dor. Necessita-se de estudos mais abrangentes avaliando a eficácia do ESP block para o componente visceral e somático abdominal, considerando o nível do bloqueio específico.

Terapia de oxigenación hiperbárica en el tratamiento del dolor / Hyperbaric oxygenation therapy in pain treatment

El dolor crónico constituye un reto terapéutico especial. Se presenta una revisión narrativa sobre el papel del tratamiento de oxigenación hiperbárica (TOHB) en el tratamiento del dolor neuropático, y sus aplicaciones en dolor crónico, síndromes neurosensitivos disfuncionales y oncodolor. El conocimiento de las indicaciones de TOHB en algiología y su aplicación en la práctica médica puede contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente. (AU)

Chronic pain represents a special therapeutic challenge. We present a narrative review on the role of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) in the treatment of neuropathic pain, and its applications in chronic pain, dysfunctional neurosensitive syndromes and oncological pain. The knowledge of the indications of HBOT in algiology and its application in medical practice can contribute to improve the quality of life of the patient. (AU)

Continuous erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia of multiple rib fracture surgery: case report / Bloqueio do plano do eretor da espinha para analgesia pós-operatória de cirurgia de fratura de múltiplas costelas: relato de caso

Abstract Introduction: The erector spinae plane block is a newly described and effective interfascial plane block for thoracic and abdominal surgery. This case report describes a patient with multiple rib fractures undergoing ultrasound-guided continuous erector spinae plane block for analgesia. Case report: A 37-year-old male patient was taken for surgical fixation of multiple rib fractures. At the end of the surgery, using ultrasound-guided longitudinal parasagittal orientation 3 cm to the lateral aspect of the T5 spinous process and an in-plane technique, 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine was administered between the erector spinae muscle and the transverse process, and a catheter was then inserted in the same plane. Before the end of surgery, 1 g paracetamol and 50 mg dexketoprofen were administered. Postoperative analgesia was applied with patient controlled analgesia method using 0.25% bupivacaine via the catheter. The patient's Visual Analogue Scale score at rest in the first 24 h was 0. The patient was monitored for 3 days with Visual Analogue Scale < 4, and the catheter was removed on postoperative day 4. No opioid requirement other than paracetamol and dexketoprofen occurred during this time. No postoperative complications were recorded. Discussion: The erector spinae plane block is an alternative to paravertebral, intercostal, epidural or other regional techniques. It may be a suitable technique in anesthesia and algology practice due to providing analgesia in the postoperative period with a catheter in the erector spinae plane.

Resumo Introdução: O bloqueio do plano do eretor da espinha é um bloqueio do plano interfacial recentemente descrito e eficaz para cirurgia torácica e abdominal. Neste relato descrevemos o caso de um paciente com fratura de múltiplas costelas, submetido ao bloqueio contínuo do plano do eretor da espinha guiado por ultrassom para analgesia. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 37 anos, encaminhado para fixação cirúrgica de fratura de múltiplas costelas. Ao final da cirurgia, usando a orientação parassagital longitudinal guiada por ultrassom 3 cm em relação à face lateral do processo espinhoso T5 e a técnica no plano, 20 ml de bupivacaína a 0,25% foram administrados entre o músculo eretor da espinha e o processo transverso, e um cateter foi então inserido no mesmo plano. Antes do final da cirurgia, 1 g de paracetamol e 50 mg de dexcetoprofeno foram administrados. A analgesia pós-operatória foi aplicada com o método de analgesia controlada pelo paciente, com bupivacaína a 0,25% via cateter. Na Escala Visual Analógica, o escore do paciente em repouso nas primeiras 24 h foi zero. O paciente foi monitorado por três dias com a Escala Visual Analógica < 4, e o cateter foi removido no quarto dia de pós-operatório. Exceto por paracetamol e dexcetoprofeno, não houve necessidade de outro agente opioide durante esse tempo. Não houve registro de complicação pós-operatória. Discussão: O bloqueio do plano do eretor da espinha é uma alternativa às técnicas paravertebrais, intercostais, epidurais ou outras técnicas regionais. Pode ser uma técnica adequada na prática de anestesia e algologia devido ao fornecimento de analgesia no período pós-operatório mediante um cateter no plano do eretor da espinha.

Guia prático para o manejo da dor / Guia prático para o manejo da dor

O estudo da dor e suas particularidades é de grande importância para o tratamento de diversas patologias e para a melhora na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A maioria das disfunções orgânicas tem a dor como um ponto importante da sua manifestação. Dessa maneira, é justificável a elaboração de conteúdo para auxiliar os profissionais da saúde no entendimento e tratamento das principais causas de dores agudas e crônicas. Este livro foi elaborado com o objetivo de servir como um guia prático para o manejo da dor por profissionais e acadêmicos de Medicina. Engloba temas como conceitos e aspectos biopsicossociais da dor, além de questões mais complexas como a fisiologia da dor e o tratamento medicamentoso com o arsenal terapêutico existente. Finalmente, também trata dos diversos tipos de dor mais prevalentes e o conhecimento básico que envolve seu manejo.

Hypotension associated to a bilateral quadratus lumborum block performed for post-operative analgesia in an open aortic surgery case / Hipotensão associada ao bloqueio bilateral do quadrado lombar realizado para analgesia pós-operatória em caso de cirurgia aórtica aberta

Abstract Background and objectives: Bilateral quadratus lumborum block has been described for major abdominal procedures when sepsis is present, because risks associated to epidural are considered elevated. In an open aortic surgery, a single-shot bilateral quadratus lumborum block type 1 may be an alternative to thoracic epidural block for post-operative analgesia in a patient having an increased cumulative risk for thoracic epidural hematoma. Case report: A 56-year-old female patient presenting controlled hypertension, chronic renal disease stage 3b, dyslipidemia and a platelet count of 102,000/µl, and taking aspirin, was scheduled for bilateral aortoiliac endarterectomy. She was submitted to a sole general anesthesia plus, at end of the surgery, a bilateral quadratus lumborum block type 1 for post-operative analgesia with 20 mL of ropivacaine 0.5%, per side, before extubation. Immediately after post anesthesia care unit admission, patient developed moderate hypotension (dopamine infusion was needed during 18 h), concomitantly with a rapid reduction in the pain scores. Low numeric rating scale and opioid consumption were noted, particularly in the first 24 h post-operatively. Conclusions: Quadratus lumborum block was an effective analgesic technique for open aortic surgery in this case, although hypotension associated to bilateral quadratus lumborum block type 1 may occur. Associated sympathetic block probably related to the bilateral paravertebral extension of the block, may contribute for post-operative hypotension associated to reperfusion-ischemia syndrome in a patient that had long-lasting intraoperative aortic cross-clamping. The use of high concentration of local anesthetic to obtain longer duration of action of a single-shot quadratus lumborum block to avoid thoracic epidural or bilateral quadratus lumborum block catheterization should be used judiciously.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: O bloqueio bilateral do quadrado lombar foi descrito para procedimentos abdominais de grande porte quando há presença de sepse, uma vez que os riscos associados à peridural são considerados altos. Em uma cirurgia aórtica aberta, um único bloqueio bilateral do quadrado lombar tipo 1 (QL tipo 1) pode ser uma opção ao bloqueio peridural torácico para analgesia pós-operatória em paciente com risco cumulativo aumentado de hematoma epidural torácico. Relato de caso: Paciente feminina de 56 anos, portadora de hipertensão arterial controlada, doença renal crônica (estágio 3 b), dislipidemia, plaquetopenia de 102.000/µl e tomava aspirina, estava programada para endarterectomia aortoilíaca bilateral. A paciente foi submetida à anestesia geral e, no fim da cirurgia, a bloqueio do quadrado lombar tipo 1 bilateralmente para analgesia pós-operatória com 20 mL de ropivacaína a 0,5%, para cada lado, antes da extubação. Imediatamente após a internação na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica, a paciente evoluiu com hipotensão moderada (necessidade de infusão de dopamina durante 18 horas), concomitante à rápida redução dos escores de dor. Escore numérico para dor baixo e consumo de opioides foram observados, especialmente nas primeiras 24 horas de pós-operatório. Conclusões: O bloqueio do quadrado lombar foi uma técnica analgésica eficaz nesse caso de cirurgia aórtica aberta, embora a hipotensão associada ao bloqueio bilateral do quadrado lombar possa ocorrer. O bloqueio simpático associado, causado pelo bloqueio do QL tipo 1, provavelmente relacionado à extensão paravertebral bilateral do bloqueio, pode contribuir para a hipotensão pós-operatória associada à síndrome de isquemia-reperfusão em paciente submetido a pinçamento aórtico intraoperatório de longa duração. Alta concentração de anestésico local para prolongar a ação de uma injeção única no bloqueio do quadrado lombar, com o objetivo de evitar cateterização de ambas as anestesias peridural e do quadrado lombar bilateral, deve ser usada de modo criterioso.

Subcostal transversus abdominis plane block can improve analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy / O bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal pode melhorar a analgesia após colecistectomia laparoscópica

Abstract Background and goal of study: After laparoscopic cholecystectomy, patients have moderate pain in the early postoperative period. Some studies shown beneficial effects of subcostal transversus abdominis plane block on reducing this pain. Our goal was to investigate influence of subcostal transversus abdominis plane block on postoperative pain scores and opioid consumption. Materials and methods: We have randomized 76 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy to receive either subcostal transversus abdominis plane block (n = 38) or standard postoperative analgesia (n = 38). First group received bilateral ultrasound guided subcostal transversus abdominis plane block with 20 mL of 0.33% bupivacaine per side before operation and tramadol 1 mg.kg−1 IV for pain breakthrough (≥6). Second group received after operation tramadol 1 mg.kg−1/6 h as standard hospital analgesia protocol. Both groups received acetaminophen 1 g/8 h IV and metamizole 2.5 g/12 h. Pain at rest was recorded for each patient using NR scale (0-10) in period of 10 min, 30 min, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h and 16 h after the surgery. Results and discussion: We obtained no difference between groups according age, weight, intraoperative fentanyl consumption and duration of surgery. Subcostal transversus abdominis plane block significantly reduced postoperative pain scores compared to standard analgesia in all periods after surgery. Tramadol consumption was significantly lower in the subcostal transversus abdominis plane (24.29 ± 47.54 g) than in the standard analgesia group (270.2 ± 81.9 g) (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Our results show that subcostal transversus abdominis plane block can provide superior postoperative analgesia and reduction in opioid requirements after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivo: Após a colecistectomia laparoscópica, os pacientes apresentam dor moderada no pós-operatório imediato. Alguns estudos mostraram efeitos benéficos do bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal na redução dessa dor. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a influência do bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal nos escores de dor no pós-operatório e no consumo de opioides. Materiais e métodos: Foram randomizados 76 pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica para receber o bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal (n = 38) ou analgesia padrão no pós-operatório (n = 38). O primeiro grupo recebeu bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal bilateral guiado por ultrassom com 20 mL de bupivacaína a 0,33% em cada lado antes da operação e tramadol IV (1 mg.kg−1) para controle da dor (≥ 6). O segundo grupo recebeu tramadol (1 mg.kg−1/6 h) como protocolo-padrão de analgesia hospitalar pós-cirurgia. Ambos os grupos receberam acetaminofeno IV (1 g/8 h) e dipirona (2,5 g/12 h). A dor em repouso foi registrada para cada paciente com o uso da escala NR (0-10) nos períodos de 10 min, 30 min, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h e 16 h após a cirurgia. Resultados e discussão: Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação a idade, peso, consumo intraoperatório de fentanil e duração da cirurgia. O bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal reduziu significativamente o escore de dor no pós-operatório em comparação com a analgesia-padrão em todos os períodos após a cirurgia. O consumo de tramadol foi significativamente menor no grupo bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal (24,29 ± 47,54 g) do que no grupo analgesia padrão (270,2 ± 81,9 g) (p = 0,000). Conclusão: Nossos resultados mostram que o bloqueio do plano transverso abdominal subcostal pode proporcionar analgesia superior no pós-operatório e redução da necessidade de opioides após colecistectomia laparoscópica.

Practices and obstetric interventions in women from a state in the Northeast of Brazil / Práticas e intervenções obstétricas em mulheres de um estado do Nordeste brasileiro

Summary Objective: To describe practices and interventions used during labor and childbirth and factors associated with such practices in puerperae in the state of Sergipe. Method: A cross-sectional study with 768 postpartum women from 11 maternity hospitals interviewed 6 hours after delivery, and hospital records review. The associations between best practices and interventions used during labor and delivery with exposure variables were described using simple frequencies, percentages, crude and adjusted odds ratio (ORa) with the confidence interval. Results: Of the women in the study, 10.6% received food and 27.8% moved during labor; non-pharmacological methods for pain relief were performed in 26.1%; a partogram was filled in 39.4% of the charts; and an accompanying person was present in 40.6% of deliveries. Oxytocin, amniotomy and labor analgesia were used in 59.1%, 49.3% and 4.2% of women, respectively. Lithotomy position during childbirth was used in 95.2% of the cases, episiotomy in 43.9% and Kristeller maneuver in 31.7%. The variables most associated with cesarean section were private financing (ORa=4.27, 95CI 2.44-7.47), higher levels of education (ORa=4.54, 95CI 2.56-8.3) and high obstetric risk (ORa=1.9, 95CI 1.31-2.74). Women whose delivery was funded privately were more likely to have an accompanying person present (ORa=2.12, 95CI 1.18-3.79) and to undergo labor analgesia (ORa=4.96, 95CI 1.7-14.5). Conclusion: Best practices are poorly performed and unnecessary interventions are frequent. The factors most associated with c-section were private funding, greater length of education and high obstetric risk.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever as práticas e intervenções utilizadas durante o trabalho de parto e o parto e fatores associados em puérperas do estado de Sergipe. Método: Estudo transversal com 768 puérperas das 11 maternidades do estado com entrevista após 6h do parto e dados do prontuário da puérpera e dos recém-nascidos. As associações entre as boas práticas e intervenções utilizadas durante o trabalho de parto e o parto com as variáveis de exposição foram descritas em frequências simples, percentuais, razões de chances brutas e ajustadas (ORa) com o intervalo de confiança. Resultados: Das mulheres estudadas, 10,6% receberam alimentos e 27,8% movimentaram-se durante o trabalho de parto; medidas não farmacológicas para alívio da dor foram realizadas em 26,1%; o partograma estava preenchido em 39,4% dos prontuários; o acompanhante esteve presente em 40,6% dos partos. O uso de ocitocina, amniotomia e analgesia ocorreram em 59,1%, 49,3% e 4,2% das mulheres, respectivamente. O parto ocorreu na posição de litotomia em 95,2% dos casos, houve episiotomia em 43,9% e manobra de Kristeller em 31,7%. Os fatores mais associados à cesariana foram ser usuárias do setor privado de saúde (ORa=4,27; 95CI 2,44-7,47), ter maior escolaridade (ORa=4,54; 95CI 2,56-8,3) e alto risco obstétrico (ORa=1,9; 95CI 1,31-2,74). Usuárias do setor privado tiveram maior presença do acompanhante (ORa=2,12; 95CI 1,18-3,79) e analgesia (ORa=4,96; 95CI 1,7-14,5). Conclusão: Boas práticas obstétricas são pouco utilizadas e intervenções desnecessárias são frequentes, e os fatores mais associados à cesariana foram ser usuária do setor privado de saúde, ter maior escolaridade e alto risco obstétrico.

Controle da dor no pós-operatório de lipoaspiração / Postoperative control of liposuction pain

Introdução: O controle da dor é essencial em qualquer evento cirúrgico. A lipoaspiração cursa, em geral, com queixas de dor pós-operatória, o que levanta a discussão acerca da melhor maneira de preveni-la e tratá-la. Dessa forma, estudos indicam que a analgesia deveria começar antes que qualquer estímulo doloroso seja deflagrado a fim de reduzir ou prevenir a dor preemptivamente. A abordagem nas diversas vias álgicas, com combinação de diferentes classes de fármacos ou associação dos bloqueios raquimedular ou epidural com anestesia geral, também pode contribuir para o manejo da dor. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, prospectivo, intervencionista, tipo Coorte, com pacientes submetidas à cirurgia plástica envolvendo lipoaspiração. O procedimento anestésico padrão consistiu na associação de anestesia geral e subaracnóidea. O escalonamento da dor, realizado 6 e 18 horas após o término da cirurgia, utilizou escalas unidimensionais. A ausência de dor ou a presença de dor leve foram consideradas como resultado satisfatório. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 50 pacientes do sexo feminino, com média de 35 anos de idade. Não foi encontrada dor severa em qualquer momento do estudo. Os resultados satisfatórios representaram 94% e 92% das pacientes na avaliação das 6 e 18 horas do pós-operatório, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Conclusões: A anestesia geral venosa combinada com raquianestesia, em cirurgia de contorno corporal, foi capaz de controlar satisfatoriamente a dor no pós-operatório imediato na maioria dos casos (>90%). A lipoaspiração mostrou ser cirurgia de dor controlável nesta casuística.

Introduction: Pain control is essential in any surgical event. Liposuction is, in general, accompanied by complaints of postoperative pain, which raises the discussion about the best way to prevent and treat it. Accordingly, studies indicate that the analgesia should begin before any painful stimulus is triggered in order to reduce or prevent the pain preemptively. The approach of the various pain pathways, with a combination of different classes of drugs or utilization of spinal block or epidural/general anesthesia can also contribute to pain management. Methods: A descriptive, prospective, interventional cohort type study was conducted with patients undergoing plastic surgery involving liposuction. The standard anesthetic procedure consisted of an association between general and spinal anesthesia. The assessment of pain, carried out 6 and 18 hours after the end of the surgery, used unidimensional scales. The absence of pain or the presence of mild pain was considered a satisfactory result. Results: Fifty female patients were evaluated, with an average of 35 years of age. No intense pain was found at any time during the study. Satisfactory results accounted for 94% and 92% of the patients in the assessment at 6 and 18 hours post-surgery, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Intravenous anesthesia combined with spinal anesthesia, in body contouring surgery, was able to satisfactorily control pain in the immediate postoperative period in most cases (>90%). In this study, liposuction was revealed to be a type of surgery with manageable pain.

Comparison of two combinations of opioid and non-opioid analgesics for acute periradicular abscess: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Acute periradicular abscess is a condition characterized by the formation and propagation of pus in the periapical tissues and generally associated with debilitating pain. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the overall analgesic effectiveness of two combinations of opioid and non-opioid analgesics for acute periradicular abscess. Material and Methods: This study included 26 patients who sought emergency care in a Brazilian dental school. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: Co/Ac - oral prescription of codeine (30 mg) plus acetaminophen (500 mg), every 4 h, for 3 days or Tr/Ac - oral prescription of tramadol hydrochloride (37.5 mg) plus acetaminophen (500 mg) on the same schedule. Two factors were evaluated: (1) pain scores recorded by the patients in a pain diary 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment, using the Visual Analogue Scale; and (2) the occurrence of adverse effects. Results: In both groups, there was a reduction in pain scores over time. For the Co/Ac group, there was a significant reduction in the scores 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment (P<0.05). In the Tr/Ac group, the scores significantly decreased over time from time point 6 h (P<0.05). Comparing the pain at each time point, the groups were not significantly different (P>0.05), i.e., both treatments were effective in controlling pain caused by APA; however, the combination of Tr/Ac caused more adverse reactions as two patients had to stop using the medication. Conclusion: This study suggests that, considering both analgesic efficacy and safety, the combination of codeine and acetaminophen is more effective to control moderate to severe pain from acute periradicular abscesses.

Dolor postoperatorio, analgesia y presencia de factores de riesgo para dolor crónico en pacientes hospitalizados de un hospital público de Santiago de Chile / Postoperative pain, analgesia and presence of risk factors for chronic postoperative pain in hospitalized patients of a public hospital of Santiago de Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: el dolor postoperatorio es un importante problema de salud pública, con una elevada incidencia según publicaciones internacionales. el dolor crónico postoperatorio (DCPO) se desarrolla posterior a una cirugía y persiste por más de dos meses, excluyendo otras causas y problemas preexistentes. se han descrito factores de riesgo demográficos, psicosociales y médicos para el desarrollo de dolor crónico postoperatorio (DCPO), siendo el más importante el dolor postoperatorio agudo elevado. actualmente, en Chile se carece de datos locales sobre dolor postoperatorio agudo y crónico. OBJETIVO: evaluar la intensidad del dolor agudo en pacientes post-operados y las medidas analgésicas utilizadas, esto en el contexto de la identificación de los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de DCPO en pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio de cirugía de un hospital de alta complejidad. MATERRIALES Y MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal retrospectivo. La muestra incluyó a 100 pacientes post-operados seleccionados en forma aleatoria del área de cirugía del Hospital del Salvador entre los meses de septiembre y octubre de 2017. Se realizó una revisión de protocolos operatorios, evoluciones e indicaciones médicas y se registraron edad, sexo, dolor postoperatorio según la escala numérica del dolor (EN) y factores de riesgo de DCPO (cirugía con riesgo de daño nervioso, revisional, abierta, malla, complicaciones postoperatorias, dolor postoperatorio sobre 5, según EN), además del tiempo operatorio. Se realizó un registro electrónico en planilla de excel (Microsoft® Excel® 2011) pre-codificada y diseñada para este fin, resguardando la identidad de los participantes. Los datos obtenidos se expresaron como promedios (con desviación estándar) y medianas. RESULTADOS: se encontró una incidencia de 44% de dolor postoperatorio, con intensidad promedio de 4,4 ± 1,64 puntos entre los pacientes que presentaron dolor en algún grado. el 93% de los pacientes con dolor presentó dolor moderado a severo. en el 98% del total de pacientes se indicó terapia analgésica; de éstos, el 47,95% solo tuvo indicación de antiinflamatorios no esteroidales (AINEs), 39,79% AINEs y paracetamol, 7,14% solo paracetamol y 5,10% otras combinaciones. el 95% de los pacientes presentó uno o más factores de riesgo para DCPO, y el 11%, cuatro o más. DISCUSIÓN: el conocimiento de la incidencia e intensidad local de dolor postoperatorio es un primer paso para optimizar su manejo. la identificación de la población en riesgo de desarrollar DCPO podría permitir implementar a futuro medidas preventivas, que mejoren la calidad de vida de los pacientes postoperados

INTRODUCTION: postoperative pain is an important public health issue, with a high incidence reported in international literature. chronic postoperative pain (CPOP) is developed posterior to a surgical intervention and persists over two months, excluding other causes and preexisting problems. several risk factors for CPOP have been mentioned, including demographic, psicosocial and medical ones; the most relevant being high acute postoperative pain. nowadays, Chile lacks local data of acute and chronic postoperative pain. OBJECTIVES: assess the intensity of acute postoperative pain and the analgesia used, in the context of the identification of risk factors for CPOP in a surgery department of a high complexity hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: an observational descriptive tranversal restrospective study was used. the sample was constituted by 100 postsurgical patients selected randomly from the surgical department of the Hospital del Salvador between september and october 2017. a revision of surgical protocols and medical charts was made; age, sex, postsurgical pain according to numeric pain scale (NPS) and risk factors for CPOP (surgery with risk of nervous damage, second look, open, use of mesh, postsurgical complications, postsurgical pain above 5 according to NPS) were registered, besides surgical time. the record was made on an precoded excel sheet (Microsoft® Excel® 2011), designed for this purpose. the identity of the patients was kept anonymous. the data obtained was expressed as mean (with standard deviation) and median. RESULTS: an incidence of 44% of postsurgical pain was found, with mean intensity of 4.4 ± 1.64points between patients that presented any degree of pain.93% from the patients with pain presented moderate to severe pain. 98% from the total of patients had analgesia, from them 47.95% only had non-steroidal antiinflamatory drugs (NSAIDs), 39.79% NSAIDs and acetaminophen, 7.14% only acetaminophen and 5.10% other combinations. 95% of patients had one or more risk factors for CPOP, and 11% four or more of them. DISCUSSION: the knowledge of the incidence and intensity of postsurgical pain is the first step in order to optimize its manage. the identification of the population at risk to develop CPOP could allow the implementation of preventive measures that may improve the quality of life of postsurgical patients.

Manejo da analgesia peri e pós-operatória / Peri and post-operative analgesia management

Objetivos: Esse estudo tem como propósito a análise da analgesia pós-operatória em adultos. Um dos principais objetivos dos cuidados pós-operatórios é o correto tratamento da dor. Isso evita a demora na recuperação e o aumento do custo hospitalar. A ausência de dor tende a minimizar as complicações pós-operatórias por ela causadas em todos os sistemas e aparelhos do organismo. Métodos: Esse estudo constitui-se de uma revisão da literatura especializada, realizada em maio de 2017 e junho de 2017, na qual se realizou uma consulta a artigos científicos selecionados através de busca no banco de dados, Medline, Medscape, Up to date com artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, e literaturas consagradas em Anestesiologia. Resultados: Descritos abaixo, a partir dos artigos e bibliografias utilizadas. Conclusões: Após uma abordagem prática multimodal da analgesia pós-operatória, analisando tal riqueza de opções para o manejo da dor pós-operatória, é fundamental ressaltar a importância no investimento em estudos com esta mesma abordagem, visando um aperfeiçoamento na analgesia pós-operatória, nunca esquecendo a atual tendência de redução de uso de opioides.

Aims: This study has the analysis of postoperative analgesia in adults as a purpose. One of the main objectives of post-operative care is the correct treatment of pain. This avoids a delay in recovery and an increase in hospital cost. The absence of pain tends to minimize the postoperative complications caused by it in all systems in the organism. Methods: This study constitutes in a specialized literary review, conducted in may, 2017 to june, 2017, in wich was performed a consult in scientific articles selected through the research in data base, Medline, Medscape, Up to Date for references published within the last 5 years, and renowed literature in anesthesiology. Results: Descripted below, through the articles and references used. Conclusions: After a practical and multimodal approach in postoperative analgesia, analyzing such variety of options in the management of postoperative pain, it´s crucial to emphasize the importance in investment in studies with this same approach, looking forward an improvement in postoperative analgesia, never forgetting a current tendency to decrease the use of opioids.

Pain after sternotomy - review / Dor após esternotomia - revisão

Abstract Background and objective: Adequate analgesia after sternotomy reduces postoperative adverse events. There are various methods of treating pain after heart surgery, such as infiltration with a local anesthetic, nerve block, opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alpha-adrenergic agents, intrathecal and epidural techniques, and multimodal analgesia. Content: A review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of pain after sternotomy. We also discuss the various analgesic therapeutic modalities, emphasizing advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Conclusions: Heart surgery is performed mainly via medium sternotomy, which results in significant postoperative pain and a non-negligible incidence of chronic pain. Effective pain control improves patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes. There is no clearly superior technique. It is believed that a combined multimodal analgesic regimen (using different techniques) is the best approach for treating postoperative pain, maximizing analgesia and reducing side effects.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivo: Analgesia adequada após esternotomia reduz eventos adversos no pós-operatório. Várias modalidades estão disponíveis para tratamento da dor após cirurgia cardíaca: infiltração com anestésico local, bloqueio de nervos, opioides, anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais, agentes alfa-adrenérgicos, técnicas intratecais e epidurais e analgesia multimodal. Conteúdo: Foi feita uma revisão sobre epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, prevenção e tratamento da dor após esternotomia. Também fora discutidas as diversas modalidades terapêuticas analgésicas, com ênfase em vantagens e desvantagens de cada técnica. Conclusões: A cirurgia cardíaca é feita principalmente por esternotomia média, que resulta em dor significativa no pós-operatório e uma incidência não insignificante de dor crônica. O controle efetivo da dor melhora a satisfação dos pacientes e os desfechos clínicos. Nenhuma técnica é claramente superior. Acredita-se que um regime analgésico combinado multimodal (com várias técnicas) seja a melhor abordagem para tratar a dor pós-operatória, o que maximiza a analgesia e reduz os efeitos colaterais.

Prevalência de dor e adequação da terapêutica analgésica em pacientes internados em um hospital universitário / Prevalence of Pain and analgesic therapy adequacy inpatients hospitalized in a university hospital

Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência de dor e a adequação da terapêutica analgésica administrada aos pacientes de um hospital universitário, assim como aferir a concordância entre o auto-relato álgico e os dados registrados nos prontuários em relação à manifestação dolorosa. Métodos: Estudo observacional e transversal, a partir de entrevistas estruturadas com pacientes adultos que manifestavam queixa de dor até 24 horas anteriores à admissão hospitalar ou em qualquer momento após a internação no Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley (HULW). Foram avaliadas características sócio-demográficas e clínicas dos pacientes, tipo de analgésicos, esquemas de tratamento, intensidade e características da dor. Os registros médicos sobre uso de medicamentos foram colhidos através das anotações nos prontuários e listas de prescrições. A dor foi avaliada através de escala visual analógica (EVA) e pela Escala Multidimensional da Dor (EMADOR). Para avaliar a adequação da analgesia utilizou-se o Índice de Manejo da Dor (IMD). A Escada Analgésica da Organização Mundial da Saúde foi usada na avaliação das prescrições. Resultados: No período de realização do estudo, i(24%)(±17,7). Verificou-se que 60 (52,2%) apresentavam dor intensa e 39 (33,9%), dor moderada. A avaliação de concordância entre o autorelato álgico e os dados registrados nos prontuários em relação à dor demonstrou que em apenas 45(39,1%) e 42 (36,1%) dos prontuários, nos momentos de admissão e na evolução hospitalar, respectivamente, oi registrada a informação sobre dor. Em relação à adequação da terapêutica analgésica, encontrou-se IMD negativo em 85 (82,6%) dos pacientes. Observou-se prescrição inadequada em 78,3% dos pacientes...

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of Pain and adequacy of analgesic therapy administered to patients at a university hospital, as well to assess the agreement between the pain ful self-reporting and data from medical records regarding Pain manifestation. Methods: Observational and cross-sectional study, from structured interviews with adult patients who expressed a complaint of Pain. up to 24 hours prior to hospital admission or at any time after admission to the Lauro Wanderley University Hospital (LWUH) interviews. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients, type of analgesics, treatment regimens, intensity and characteristics of Pain. were evaluated. The medical records of medication use were collected through the notes in the medical report and lists of prescriptions. Pain was assessedby visual analogue scale (VAS ) and the Multidimensional Pain. Scale (EMADOR). To assess the adequacy of analgesia used the Index of Pain. Management (IMD). The Analgesic Ladder of the World Health Organization was used in evaluating requirements. Results: In the period of the study, 480 patients admitted up to 18 years or more wards for adults of the LWUH. Of these, 115 (24%) complained of Pain. and were included in the sample. The age of the 115 participants ranged from 18 to 90 years, with amean of 48,7 (± 17,7). It was found that 60 (52,2 %) had severe Pain. and 39 ( 33,9% ) had moderate pain. The assessment of agreement between the painful self-reporting and data from medical records regarding Pain showed that only 45 (39,1% ) and 42 ( 36,1 %) of the times of admission and in the hospital course respectively, were recorded information about pain. Concerning the adequacy of analgesic therapy, it was found negative IMD in 85 (82,6 % ) patients. There was inappropriate prescribing in 78,3% of patients...

Estudio comparativo para el manejo del dolor en el reemplazo total de rodilla: infiltración tisular intraoperatoria versus bloqueo de nervios periféricos / Comparative study for pain management in total knee replacement: intraoperative tissue infiltracion versus peripheral nerve block

Introducción: El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la infiltración intraoperatoria de los tejidos blandos periarticulares versus la utilización de bloqueos de los nervios periféricos (ciático y femoral) para el manejo del dolor posoperatorio de la artroplastia total de rodilla. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluaron, en forma prospectiva, 60 pacientes tratados, que fueron divididos en dos grupos iguales: grupo A, con infiltración intraoperatoria y grupo B, con bloqueo de los nervios femoral y ciático antes de la cirugía. Resultados: El dolor fue significativamente menor en el grupo B (bloqueados) que en el grupo de control A (infiltrados) entre las 4 y las 8 horas poscirugía (p = 0,008). Al segundo y al tercer días de la cirugía, la curva de dolor se invirtió y fue estadísticamente menor en el grupo A (p = 0,009 y p = 0,023, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Al evaluar los resultados se observó que ambos métodos fueron eficaces para el tratamiento del dolor posquirúrgico e, incluso, para disminuir el consumo de opiáceos. Los bajos niveles de dolor y el menor uso de opiáceos en el posoperatorio inmediato dieron lugar a una mejor rehabilitación y a un mayor bienestar general para el paciente.

Background: The aim of this study is to compare intraoperative infiltration of periarticular soft tissues versus the use of peripheral nerve blocks (sciatic and femoral) for postoperative pain management in total knee arthroplasty. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 60 patients who were divided into two equal groups: group A, with intraoperative infiltration and group B, with femoral and sciatic nerve block before surgery. Results: Pain was significantly lower in group B (block) than in the control group A (infiltration) at 4 and 8 hours after surgery (p = 0.008). Two and three days after surgery, pain curve was inverted and it was statistically lower in group A (p = 0.009 and p = 0.023, respectively). Conclusions: Results showed that both methods were effective in the treatment of pain after surgery and even to reduce opiate use. Low levels of pain and less use of opioids in the immediate postoperative period led to a better rehabilitation and comfort of the patient.

Analgesia multimodal con la asociación de ketamina, dipirona y tramadol en cirugía de urgencia / Multimodal analgesia with ketamine, dipyrone and tramadol association in emergency surgery

INTRODUCCIÓN: el dolor posoperatorio es frecuente en pacientes con afecciones que requieren cirugía de urgencia; su tratamiento satisfactorio constituye uno de los retos más importantes a que nos enfrentamos. OBJETIVO: comparar la analgesia multimodal mediante la asociación de las drogas tramadol, dipirona y ketamina, con la terapia tramadol-dipirona, en el paciente intervenido quirúrgicamente de urgencia. MÉTODOS: estudio prospectivo, comparativo y transversal a 100 pacientes distribuidos de forma aleatoria en dos grupos de 50 cada uno, grupo I (grupo control): dipirona 1,2 g más tramadol 100 mg, diluidos en cloruro de sodio al 0,9 %, 200 mL a pasar en 20 min por vía intravenosa, y grupo II (grupo estudio): dipirona 1,2 g más tramadol 100 mg, diluidos en cloruro de sodio al 0,9 %, 200 mL a pasar en 20 min por vía intravenosa; además recibieron un bolo de ketamina de 0,3 mg/kg de peso corporal del paciente, seguido de infusión continua de este fármaco a una velocidad de infusión de 0,8 mg/kg/h hasta el fin de la cirugía. RESULTADOS: la intensidad del dolor fue menor en el grupo en estudio, motivo por el cual se utilizó menos la analgesia de rescate, no así en el grupo control en que el 90 % de los casos necesitó analgesia de rescate. Los efectos adversos que aparecieron fueron náuseas y vómitos en el grupo I, y mareo en el grupo II; no se registraron complicaciones en ninguno de los dos grupos. CONCLUSIONES: la analgesia multimodal con la asociación de dipirona, tramadol y ketamina resulta ser un método analgésico superior en comparación a la analgesia dipirona-tramadol en el control del dolor posoperatorio de los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente de urgencia.

INTRODUCTION: the postoperative pain is frequent in the patients with affections that require urgency surgery. Its satisfactory treatment constitute one of the most important challenges that we face today. OBJECTIVE: to compare multimodal analgesia by associating drugs as dipyrone, tramadol, and ketamine with tramadol-dipyrone therapy in patient emergency surgeries. METHODS: a randomized prospective, comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted in 100 patients. They were distributed into two groups of 50 each: Group I (control group) had dipyrone 1.2 g plus 100 mg tramadol, diluted in sodium chloride 0.9 %, 200 mL in 20 min intravenously; group II (study group) had dipyrone 1.2 g plus 100 mg tramadol, diluted in sodium chloride 0.9 %, 200 mL in 20 min intravenously. They also received a bolus of ketamine 0.3 mg/kg of patient body weight, followed by continuous infusion of this drug to an infusion rate of 0.8 mg / kg / h to the end of the surgery. RESULTS: the pain intensity was smaller in the study group, thus less rescue analgesia was used, but subjects in the group control that 90 % of the cases needed rescue analgesia. Side effects were nausea and vomiting in group I, and dizziness in group II. No complications occurred in either group.. CONCLUSIONS: multimodal analgesia with the association of dipyrone, tramadol, and ketamine turns out to be a superior analgesic method in comparison to dipyrone-tramadol analgesia for controlling postoperative pain in patient emergency surgeries.

Evaluación de la analgesia obtenida con esteroides epidurales para el tratamiento del dolor crónico lumbar / Evaluation of the analgesic effect of epidural steroids for the treatment of low back pain

El dolor crónico es un problema de salud a nivel mundial. Un cuarto de los enfermos con dolor crónico tiene lumbalgia. Cerca del 38 por ciento de los sujetos con lumbalgia requieren abordaje no farmacológico. Existe controversia con respecto a la utilidad de los abordajes intervencionistas. Objetivo: Evaluar la analgesia tras la administración de esteroides por vía epidural para el tratamiento del dolor crónico lumbar. Materiales y método: Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo de casuística institucional de los casos que acuden a la consulta externa de una clínica del dolor del medio urbano. En la población que recibió esteroides por vía epidural se documento: (i) el número de consultas subsecuentes en un año después a la realización de la intervención, (ii) la intensidad del dolor mediante la escala visual análoga encada una de las consultas, (iii) causalidad del dolor lumbar, (iv) tipo de dolor, y (v) número de procedimientos. Resultados: Con respecto a la causalidad del dolor se identifico que en 72 por ciento (n=41) de los procedimientos el diagnóstico fue el de radiculopatia, seguido por canal estrecho en 16 por ciento (n=9). La intensidad del dolor mediante la EVA en la consulta antes del procedimiento fue en promedio de 7 (DS 2). Conclusiones: Los resultados con respecto a la eficaciad e esta intervención en el alivio del dolor crónico lumbar son controversiales. No obstante a dicha eventualidad, en este reporte identificamos una disminución significativa en la intensidad del dolor mediante la EVA y que se mantuvo a lo largo del tiempo...

Chronic pain is a worldwide health problem. One quarter of the patients with chronic pain have low back pain. It has been reported that 38 percent of the patients with low back pain are referred for non pharmacological management. There is controversy about the usefulness of the invasive procedures for low back pain management. Objective: To evaluate the analgesic effect of epidural steroids for the treatment of low back pain. Materials y method: This is a retrospective study of institutional cases of patients attended in a urban chronic pain clinic. From the patients that received epidural steroids information about (i) number of visits during one year after the intervention, (ii) pain intensity with the analogue visual scale, (iii) cause of pain, (iv) type of pain, and (v) number of procedures, were documented. Results: In 72 percent of the cases the cause of pain was due radiculopathy (n=41), the next mayor cause of pain was spinal stenosis (16 percent, n=9). Average pain intensity before the procedure using the VAS was 7 (SD 2). Conclusions: Results about the efficacy of epidural steroid injections for low back pain are controversial. Despite this in this report we identify a significant decrease in mean VAS value after the procedure and this finding was maintained over time....