Endovascular Treatment in the Subclavian Steal Syndrome: Series of 29 Patients

Subclavian steal syndrome is a group of symptoms resulting fromretrograde flow in the vertebral artery, "stealing" blood from the posterior intracranial circulation and other territories, caused by stenosis or occlusion of the subclavian artery proximal to the origin of the same vertebral artery, or even of the brachiocephalic trunk. Most of the time, it is an incidental finding in patients with other conditions or cerebrovascular risk factors. We report a series of 29 patients with an angiographic diagnosis, in which 7 received treatment (all endovascular), all with symptoms directly related to this condition. Advanced age, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and stroke were comorbidities frequently related. Six patients improved completely after the procedure and one remained with vertigo.

Tempos de atendimento e desfechos no infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento ST / Time of care and outcomes in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Objetivo: Comparar os tempos de tratamento dor-porta e porta-balão em indivíduos com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento ST com os desfechos cardiovasculares em 30 dias. Métodos: Trata-se de uma coorte histórica, realizada por meio da pesquisa de prontuários eletrônicos e dos bancos de dados já existentes dos serviços de hemodinâmica de todos os indivíduos atendidos com diagnóstico de infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento ST e submetidos à angioplastia, no período de março de 2015 a setembro de 2016, em dois hospitais públicos de grande porte de Porto Alegre (RS). Os desfechos foram o óbito intra-hospitalar e em 30 dias e os eventos cardíacos maiores hospitalares e em 30 dias. Resultados: Foram avaliadas as informações de 808 indivíduos, sendo 26,9% provenientes do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e 73,1% do Instituto de Cardiologia ­ Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia. Não houve diferença significativa na caracterização da amostra. Um terço dos indivíduos analisados apresentou tempo dor- -porta menor ou igual a 180 minutos, e 72% tiveram tempo porta-balão menor que 90 minutos. A mediana do tempo total de isquemia foi de 338 minutos. Na avaliação dos tempos não houve diferença significativa entre os dois hospitais. Para eventos cardíacos maiores e óbitos intra- -hospitalares, o único tempo que se mostrou significativo, após o ajuste multivariado, foi o porta-balão, em que os indivíduos com tempo maior que 90 minutos apresentaram razão de risco de 1,06 (IC95% 1,02-1,11) e 5,78 (IC95% 1,44-23,2), respectivamente, para eventos cardíacos maiores e óbitos intra-hospitalares. Para eventos cardíacos maiores total e óbito total, nenhum dos três tempos se associou significativamente com o desfecho após ajuste. Contudo, o tempo porta-balão maior ou igual a 90 minutos também foi significativo para razão de risco bruto para ambos, assim como a dor-porta para óbito total. Conclusão: Os dados da pesquisa corroboram as recomendações internacionais para cumprimento dos menores tempos de atendimento, em especial do tempo porta-balão, para o bom prognóstico. Infelizmente, no país, o tempo de isquemia miocárdica ainda está muito aquém do ótimo, necessitando de melhorias na área para melhorar os desfechos nesses indivíduos.

Objective: To compare symptom-onset-to-door and door- -to-balloon times in individuals with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction to the 30-day cardiovascular outcomes. Methods: This is a historical cohort, using electronic medical records and the existing databases of hemodynamic services of all individuals diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing angioplasty between March 2015 and September 2016, in two large public hospitals in Porto Alegre. The outcomes were in-hospital death and death in 30 days, and major adverse cardiac events in hospital and in 30 days. Results: The information of 808 patients was evaluated, with 26.9% from Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, and 73.1% from the Instituto de Cardiologia ­ Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia. There was no significant difference in the characterization of the sample. One-third of the individuals evaluated presented symptom-onset-to-door of 180 minutes or less, and 72% had door-to- -balloon time below 90 minutes. The median total ischemic time was 338 minutes. In the evaluation of the times, there was no significant difference between the two hospitals. For more major cardiac events and intra-hospital deaths, the only time that proved to be significant after the multivariate adjustment was the door-to-balloon time, in which individuals with time higher than 90 minutes had a risk ratio of 1.06 (95% CI 1.02-1.11) for major cardiac events and 5.78 (95% CI 1.44-23.2), for intra-hospital deaths. For total major adverse cardiac events and total death, none of the 3 times was significantly associated with the outcome after adjustment; however, door-to-balloon of 90 minutes or more was also significant for crude risk ratio for both, as well as symptom-onset-to-door for total death. Conclusion: The research data corroborate the international recommendations to meet shorter service times, especially door-to-balloon time, for a good prognosis. Unfortunately, in the country, the time of myocardial ischemia is still far from optimal, requiring improvement in the area to improve the outcomes in these individuals.

Acortamiento en la relación Tp-f/QTc tras angioplastia en pacientes con síndrome isquémico coronario agudo / Shortening in the Tp-e/QTc ratio after angioplasty in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Resumen Objetivo: La dispersión transmural de la repolarización ventricular (DTMRV) es un factor de riesgo para muerte en pacientes con síndrome isquémico coronario agudo (SICA). Con el objetivo de conocer el efecto de la realización de angioplastia sobre la DTMRV, se estudió la relación Tp-f/QTc en pacientes con SICA sometidos a angioplastia. Método: Se diseñó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo y descriptivo. Se incluyeron 150 pacientes (N = 150) con diagnóstico de SICA. Se valoró la relación Tp-f/QTc inicial y se evaluó su acortamiento posangioplastia. Como objetivo secundario, se comparó la asociación de dichos cambios en la relación Tp-f/QTc con la mortalidad cardiovascular y los eventos adversos cardiovasculares. Resultados: El promedio en la relación Tp-f/QTc inicial fue de 0.2529, mientras que posangioplastia fue de 0.2397. Por medio de prueba de rangos de Wilcoxon se evidenció un descenso significativo en la relación Tp-f/QTc posterior a la angioplastia, con un valor Z de −2.051 y una p < 0.04. En el análisis secundario se encontró que una Tp-f/QTc ≥ 0.29 posangioplastia es factor de riesgo para presentación de los siguientes eventos adversos: muerte intrahospitalaria (7.4 vs 0%; p < 0.003), nuevo SICA en seguimiento a 1 año (25.9 vs. 18.5%; p < 0.006) y reintervención en seguimiento a 1 año (29.6 vs. 15.0%; p < 0.002). Conclusiones: Existe un acortamiento significativo en la relación Tp-f/QTc posangioplastia en pacientes con SICA. Esta medida de la DTMRV puede servir como un predictor de muerte intrahospitalaria, eventos cardiovasculares y reintervención a 1 año en pacientes con SICA tratados con angioplastia.

Abstract Objective: Transmural Dispersion of Repolarization (TDR) is a Risk factor for Death in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). In order to know the effect of angioplasty on TDR, the Tp-e/QTc ratio was studied in patients with ACS undergoing angioplasty. Method: An observational, retrospective and descriptive study was designed. 150 patients (N = 150) with diagnosis of ACS were included. The initial Tp-e/QTc ratio was assessed and then its post-angioplasty shortening was evaluated. As a secondary objective, we compared the association of these Tp-e/QTc ratio changes with cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular adverse events. Results: The average in the initial Tp-e/QTc ratio was 0.2529, while post-angioplasty was 0.2397. Through a Wilcoxon rage test, a significant decrease in the Tp-e/QTc ratio after angioplasty was observed, with a Z value of −2.051 and p < 0.04. In the secondary analysis, it was found that a Tp-e/QTc ≥ 0.29 post-angioplasty is a risk factor for presenting the following adverse events: in-hospital death (7.4 vs. 0%; p < 0.003), new ACS in 1-year follow-up (25.9 vs. 18.5%; p < 0.006), and reintervention in 1-year follow up (29.6 vs. 15%; p < 0.002). Conclusions: There is a significant shortening in the Tp-e/QTc ratio post-angioplasty in patients with ACS. This measure of TDR can serve as a predictor of in-hospital death, cardiovascular events and 1-year reintervention in patients with ACS treated initially by angioplasty.

Acute myocardial infarction in older adult patients / Infarto agudo do miocárdio em pacientes idosos

OBJECTIVES: To assess clinical and coronary angiographic characteristics, previous medical history, and clinical course, by age group, in older adults after myocardial infarction who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). METHODS: Single-center, cohort study that enrolled all patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who underwent pPCI at a specialized cardiology reference center in the South of Brazil. Older adults were defined as age ≥60 years, as set out in Brazilian legislation. Patients in the following age groups were compared: 60 to 64 years, 65 to 69 years, 70 to 74 years, 75 to 79 years, and ≥80 years. Patients' clinical course was assessed at initial hospital admissions and after 2 years of clinical follow-up. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19, and significance was established at p <0.05. RESULTS: From December 2015 to December 2018, a total of 636 patients were enrolled consecutively. Angiographic success rates were around 90% in all age groups. There were no differences in medications used, except for glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, which were more frequently used in patients of lower age groups. Older patients had more in-hospital acute renal failure and higher in-hospital mortality. Predictors of mortality were age over 75, chronic renal failure, need for ventilatory support, severe arrhythmia, and sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: pPCI in older adult patients is a safe procedure with a high success rate.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar características clínicas e angiográficas, história clínica pregressa e evolução clínica, por faixa etária, em idosos submetidos a intervenção coronária percutânea primária (ICPp) após infarto do miocárdio. METODOLOGIA: Estudo de coorte, de centro único, que incluiu todos os pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST submetidos ICPp em um centro de referência especializado em cardiologia no sul do Brasil. Os idosos foram definidos como aqueles com idade ≥60 anos, conforme estabelecido na legislação brasileira. Os pacientes nas seguintes faixas etárias foram comparados: 60 a 64 anos, 65 a 69 anos, 70 a 74 anos, 75 a 79 anos e ≥80 anos. O curso clínico dos pacientes foi avaliado nas admissões hospitalares iniciais e após 2 anos de acompanhamento clínico. Os dados foram analisados usando o SPSS 19, e p <0,05 foi considerado significativo. RESULTADOS: De dezembro de 2015 a dezembro de 2018, 636 pacientes foram incluídos consecutivamente. As taxas de sucesso angiográfico foram de cerca de 90% em todas as faixas etárias. Não houve diferenças nos medicamentos utilizados, com exceção dos inibidores da glicoproteína IIb/IIIa, que foram mais frequentemente utilizados em pacientes em faixas etárias mais baixas. Pacientes mais velhos apresentaram mais insuficiência renal aguda intra-hospitalar e maior mortalidade hospitalar. Os preditores de mortalidade foram: idade superior a 75 anos, insuficiência renal crônica, necessidade de suporte ventilatório, arritmia grave e sepse. CONCLUSÕES: O ICPp em pacientes idosos é um procedimento seguro e com alta taxa de sucesso.

Indicadores hospitalares de acesso e efetividade e crise econômica: análise baseada nos dados do Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil e estados da região Sudeste, 2009-2018 / Access and effectiveness inpatient care indicators and economic crisis: analysis based on the Brazilian Unified Health System data, Brazil and Southern Brazil states, 2009-2018

Resumo No contexto de crise e restrições de recursos é razoável supor o agravamento de fragilidades do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), como desigualdades regionais, subfinanciamento e problemas na qualidade do cuidado. Este estudo explorou a aplicação de indicadores de acesso e efetividade, facilmente compreensíveis e calculados, passíveis de refletir a crise na rede hospitalar. Cinco indicadores extraídos do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares, relativos ao Brasil e a estados da Região Sudeste, foram analisados no período de 2009-2018: internações resultantes em morte; internações cirúrgicas resultantes em morte; cirurgias eletivas no total das internações cirúrgicas; próteses de quadril na população de idosos; e angioplastias na população de 20 anos ou mais. Utilizaram-se gráficos de controle estatístico para a comparação dos indicadores entre estados, antes e a partir de 2014. No Brasil, as mortes hospitalares tiveram um leve crescimento enquanto que as mortes cirúrgicas uma queda; as cirurgias eletivas e próteses de quadril também diminuíram. No Sudeste, o Rio de Janeiro apresentou os piores resultados, em especial a queda de cirurgias eletivas. Os resultados ilustram o potencial dos indicadores para monitorar efeitos da crise sobre o cuidado hospitalar.

Abstract In the context of crisis and resource constraints, it is reasonable to assume the deteriorated weaknesses of the Unified Health System (SUS), such as regional inequalities, underfinancing, and care quality issues. This study explored the application of easily comprehensible and calculated access and effectiveness indicators that could reflect the hospital network crisis. Five indicators extracted from the Hospital Information System, related to Brazil and states of the Southeastern region, were analyzed in the 2009-2018 period: hospitalizations resulting in death; surgical hospitalizations resulting in death; elective surgeries in the total of surgical hospitalizations; hip prostheses in the senior population; and angioplasties in the population aged 20 years and over. Statistical control charts were used to compare indicators between states, before and from 2014. In Brazil, overall hospital deaths had a slight increase while surgical deaths declined; elective surgeries and hipprosthesis also decreased. In Southeastern Brazil, Rio de Janeiro was the worst performer, especially the decrease of the elective surgeries. The results illustrate the potential of indicators to monitor crisis effects on hospital care.

Vasculitis del tronco celíaco como presentación de arteritis de Takayasu / Vasculitis of the celiac artery as a presentation of Takayasu's arteritis

La arteritis de Takayasu es una vasculitis idiopática y granulomatosa crónica que se manifiesta en forma de panaortitis, de etiología desconocida, aunque se postula un origen autoinmune. Es progresiva y genera, tanto en adultos como en niños, estenosis segmentaria, oclusión, dilatación y/o aneurismas. La vasculitis aislada gastrointestinal sin afectación sistémica es rara. Este caso lleva a tener en cuenta la manifestación abdominal atípica de la arteritis de Takayasu en el diagnóstico diferencial de un síntoma frecuente, como la epigastralgia, y a destacar el rol que ocupan en la actualidad los métodos de imágenes no invasivos para su diagnóstico.

Takayasu arteritis is an idiopathic and chronic granulomatous vasculitis manifested in the form of panaortitis, of unknown etiology, even though an autoimmune origin is postulated. It is progressive and generates, in adults and children, segmental stenosis, occlusion, dilation and / or aneurysms. Isolated gastrointestinal vasculitis without systemic involvement is rare. This case leads us to take into account the atypical abdominal manifestation of Takayasu arteritis in the differential diagnosis of a frequent symptom, such as epigastralgia, and to highlight the role currently played by non-invasive imaging methods for its diagnosis.

Outcomes of endovascular treatment of renal arterial stenosis in transplanted kidneys

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and outcomes of endovascular treatment of TRAS with PTA. Materials and Methods We searched our prospectively collected database looking at cases of TRAS between January 2005-December 2011. CCT was the gold-standart for diagnosis of TRAS. Parameters analysed comprised technical aspects, arterial blood pressure variation, and renal function. A minimum follow-up of 24 months was considered. Results Of the 2221 renal transplants performed in the selected period, 22 (0.9%) patients were identified with TRAS. Fourteen (63.6%) were male and mean age was 377±14.8years (12-69). Kidney graft was from deceased donnors in 20 (80%) cases. On doppler evaluation, mean blood flow speed after transplantation, at TRAS diagnosis and after TAP was 210.6±99.5, 417±122.7 and 182.5±81.6mL/sec, respectively (p<0.001). For SBP and DBP, there was a significant difference between between pre-intervention and all post-treatment time points (p<0.001). After 1 month of the procedure, there was stabilization of the Cr level with a significant difference between mean Cr levels along time (p<0.001). After a mean follow-up of 16±4.2 (3-24) months, overall success rate was 100%. Conclusions Endovascular treatment with PTA/stenting is a safe and effective option for managing TRAS, ensuring the functionality of the graft and normalization of blood pressure and renal function.

Experiencia de la angioplastía en miembros inferiores en la enfermedad arterial periférica en una clínica privada en el sur de Colombia / Experience of angioplasty in lower limbs in peripheral arterial disease in a private clinic in southern Colombia

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las características de los pacientes sometidos a angioplastía en miembros inferiores, así como establecer posibles asociaciones entre los factores que lleven a complicaciones de la misma. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo de corte transversal durante 18 meses en el que se evaluaron aquellos pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica sometidos a angioplastía de miembros inferiores, sus características demográficas, clínicas, quirúrgicas y las complicaciones postoperatorias. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 158 registros de pacientes con edades entre 30 y 95 años. El 65,2% (n = 103) de los procedimientos se realizaron de forma electiva, los vasos intervenidos con mayor frecuencia fueron la arteria femoral superficial (64%), el tipo de intervención endovascular más frecuente fue la combinación de balón + balón medicado (32,9%), el tratamiento farmacológico postoperatorio más usado fue la combinación de ácido acetilsalicílico (ASA) y clopidogrel (86,1%). Se presentaron 21 casos de complicaciones, la más frecuente fue la amputación menor (52%). Se encontró mayor riesgo de amputación menor cuando el procedimiento quirúrgico es realizado de forma urgente (p = 0,012; OR [IC 95%]: 4,8 [1,4-16,5]). DISCUSIÓN: La complicación posangioplastía con diferencia estadísticamente significativa fue la amputación menor cuando el procedimiento se realizó de manera urgente, esta asociación pudo estar relacionada con el estado clínico del paciente en el momento del ingreso y no con el procedimiento quirúrgico. CONCLUSIÓN: La angioplastía realizada de urgencias fue un procedimiento tan seguro como cuando se realiza de forma programada, dado por la misma proporción de sangrado o disección arterial.

AIM: Evaluate the characteristics of patients undergoing angioplasty in the lower limbs, as well as to establish possible associations between the factors leading to complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study conducted during 18 months in which patients with peripheral arterial disease undergoing angioplasty of the lower limb were included, as well their demographic, clinical, and surgical characteristics and the postoperative complications. RESULTS: 158 records of patients between 30 and 95 years were evaluated. 65.2% (n = 103) of the procedures were performed not urgently, the most frequently intervened vessels were the superficial femoral artery (64%), the most frequent type of endovascular intervention was the combination of balloon + medicated ball (32.9%), the most used postoperative pharmacological treatment was the combination of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel (86.1%). There were 21 cases of complications, the most frequent complication was minor amputation (52%). A higher risk of minor amputation was found when the surgical procedure was performed urgently (p = 0.012, OR [95% CI]: 4.8 [1.4-16.5]). DISCUSION: The post-angioplasty complication with statistically significant difference was minor amputation when the procedure was performed urgently, this association was related to the clinical status of the patient at the time of admission and not to the surgical procedure. CONCLUSION: Angioplasty performed urgently is as safe as elective procedures, given by the same proportion of bleeding or arterial dissection.

Comparative Analysis between Transferred and Self-Referred STEMI Patients Undergoing Primary Angioplasty / Análise Comparativa entre Pacientes com IAMCSST Transferidos e Pacientes de Demanda Espontânea Submetidos à Angioplastia Primária

Abstract Background: Studies have shown the benefits of rapid reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction. However, there are still delays during transport of patients to primary angioplasty. Objective: To evaluate whether there is a difference in total ischemic time between patients transferred from other hospitals compared to self-referred patients in our institution. Methods: Historical cohort study including patients with acute myocardial infarction treated between April 2014 and September 2015. Patients were divided into transferred patients (group A) and self-referred patients (group B). Clinical characteristics of the patients were obtained from our electronic database and the transfer time was estimated based on the time the e-mail requesting patient's transference was received by the emergency department. Results: The sample included 621 patients, 215 in group A and 406 in group B. Population characteristics were similar in both groups. Time from symptom onset to arrival at the emergency department was significantly longer in group A (385 minutes vs. 307 minutes for group B, p < 0.001) with a transfer delay of 147 minutes. There was a significant relationship between the travel distance and increased transport time (R = 0.55, p < 0.001). However, no difference in mortality was found between the groups. Conclusion: In patients transferred from other cities for treatment of infarction, transfer time was longer than that recommended, especially in longer travel distances.

Resumo Fundamento: Estudos mostram o benefício da terapia de reperfusão rápida no infarto agudo do miocárdio. No entanto, ainda ocorrem atrasos durante o transporte de pacientes para angioplastia primária. Objetivo: Definir se existe uma diferença no tempo total de isquemia entre pacientes transferidos de outro hospital comparados aos que procuram o serviço espontaneamente. Método: Estudo de coorte histórico, incluindo pacientes atendidos com infarto entre abril de 2014 e setembro de 2015. Os pacientes foram divididos em pacientes transferidos (grupo A) e por demanda espontânea (grupo B). As características clínicas dos pacientes foram retiradas do banco de dados de infarto e o tempo de transferência foi estimado tendo como base o correio eletrônico de acordo com o horário de contato. O nível de significância adotado foi um p < 0,05%. Resultados: A amostra incluiu 621 pacientes, 215 no grupo A e 406 no grupo B. As características populacionais foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. O delta T foi significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes transferidos (385 minutos vs. 307 minutos para o grupo B, p < 0,001) com um atraso decorrente do transporte de 147 minutos. Houve relação significativa da distância de transferência e aumento do tempo de transporte (R = 0,55; p < 0,001). Entretanto, não houve diferença na mortalidade entre os grupos. Conclusão: Pacientes transferidos de outras cidades para tratamento de infarto tem Delta T de transferência acima do recomendado, com tempo ainda mais longo quanto maior a distância a ser percorrida.

Curativo com filme e gel de biopolímero de celulose bacteriana no tratamento de feridas isquêmicas após revascularização de membros inferiores / Bacterial cellulose biopolymer film and gel dressing for the treatment of ischemic wounds after lower limb revascularization

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o uso do curativo de filme e gel de biopolímero de celulose bacteriana no tratamento de pacientes com feridas isquêmicas submetidos à revascularização dos membros inferiores. Métodos: ensaio clínico randomizado realizado no ambulatório de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, entre janeiro de 2017 e dezembro de 2018. Foram acompanhados 24 pacientes após revascularização de membros inferiores, divididos em dois grupos: Experimental, tratado com filme e gel de biopolímero de celulose bacteriana, e Controle, tratado com ácidos graxos essenciais. Os pacientes foram acompanhados em consultas semanais para troca dos curativos e o processo de cicatrização das feridas foi avaliado em um período de 90 dias. Resultados: a redução da área das feridas isquêmicas no período de 30 dias foi de 4,3cm2 (55%), em média, para o grupo experimental, e de 5,5cm2 (48,5%) para o grupo controle (p>0,05). A taxa de cicatrização completa, em 90 dias, foi de 34,8%, sendo 50% no grupo experimental e 18,2% no grupo controle (p=0,053). Conclusão: o filme de biopolímero de celulose bacteriana associada a gel pode ser utilizado como curativo no tratamento de feridas isquêmicas de pacientes submetidos à revascularização de membros inferiores

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the use of a bacterial cellulose biopolymer film and gel dressing in the treatment of patients with ischemic wounds submitted to lower limb revascularization. Methods: we conducted a randomized clinical trial in the Angiology and Vascular Surgery outpatient clinic of the Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Pernambuco, between January 2017 and December 2018. We followed 24 patients after lower limb revascularization, divided into two groups: Experimental, treated with bacterial cellulose biopolymer film and gel, and Control, treated with essential fatty acids. Patients attended weekly appointments to change dressings and had their wound healing processes evaluated over a period of 90 days. Results: the reduction of the ischemic wounds' areas after 30 days was 4.3cm2 (55%) on average for the experimental group, and the 5.5cm2 (48.5%) for the control group (p>0.05). The complete healing rate at 90 days was 34.8%, 50% in the experimental group and 18.2% in the control group (p=0.053). Conclusion: the bacterial cellulose biopolymer film associated with gel can be used as a dressing in the treatment of ischemic wounds of patients undergoing revascularization of the lower limbs.

Educational program for coronary artery disease patients: results after one year / Programa educativo para pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria: resultados después de un año / Programa educativo para pacientes com doença arterial coronariana: resultados após um ano

ASTRACT Objective: To evaluate the long-term results of an educational program compared to usual care. Method: A longitudinal study in which 56 participants from a previous study (randomized controlled clinical trial) were evaluated twelve months after the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study: 36-item Short Form (SF-36), and anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A repeated measures analysis of variance was performed (significance level 0.05). Results: Participants in the educational program showed improvement of HRQoL in the Role-Emotional domain, while those in the usual care did not present changes (p=0.05). Both groups showed improvement in the Role-Physical (p = 0.001) and Bodily Pain (p=0.01) domains over time. There were no differences in the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Conclusion: One year after the PCI, there were significant differences between groups only for the Role-Emotional domain of the SF-36.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar resultados a largo plazo de un programa educativo comparado con el cuidado usual. Método: Estudio longitudinal con 56 participantes de un estudio previo (ensayo clínico controlado y aleatorizado), que fueron evaluados 12 meses después de la intervención coronaria percutánea (ICP). La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) fue evaluada por el Cuestionario de Salud SF-36 (36-Item Short Form) y los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión por la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria (sigla en inglés: HADS). Se realizó un análisis de varianza de medidas repetidas (nivel de significancia 0,05). Resultados: Los participantes del programa educativo presentaron mejoría de la CVRS en el dominio Rol Emocional, mientras que los participantes del cuidado usual no presentaron alteración (p=0,05). Con el tiempo, ambos grupos presentaron mejoría en los dominios Rol Físico (p=0,001) y Dolor Corporal (p=0,01). No hubo diferencias en los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión. Conclusión: Un año después de la ICP, hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos sólo para el dominio Rol Emocional del SF-36.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar resultados em longo prazo de um programa educativo comparado com o cuidado usual. Método: Estudo longitudinal com 56 participantes de um estudo prévio (ensaio clínico controlado e aleatorizado), que foram avaliados doze meses após intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP). A qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) foi avaliada pelo Medical Outcomes Study: 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) e os sintomas de ansiedade e depressão pela Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Foi realizada análise de variância de medidas repetidas (nível de significância 0,05). Resultados: Os participantes do programa educativo apresentaram melhora da QVRS, no domínio Aspectos Emocionais, enquanto aqueles do cuidado usual não apresentaram alteração (p=0,05). Com o tempo, ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora nos domínios Aspectos Físicos (p=0,001) e Dor (p=0,01). Não houve diferenças nos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. Conclusão: Um ano após a ICP, houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos apenas para o domínio Aspectos Emocionais do SF-36.

Option for the radial versus femoral access in coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes: a risk-treatment paradox / Opção para o acesso radial versus femoral na intervenção coronária em síndromes coronárias agudas: um paradoxo de tratamento de risco

Background: In coronary procedures, although the radial approach protects patients from hemorrhagic complications, it is technically more complex than the femoral approach. Objectives: To test the hypothesis that the radial approach is the procedure of choice in ACS patients due to the high risk of bleeding; and to identify independent predictors of the choice for radial access. Methods: Patients admitted for ACS who underwent invasive coronary procedure were included. We registered the type of access (femoral or radial) chosen by the physician for the first angiography; the investigators did not interfere with this choosing process. Student's t-test was used for comparisons between the CRUSADE and ACUITY scores. Predictors of radial access were compared between the groups. Statistical significance was defined by p < 0,05.Results: Radial access was chosen in 67% of 347 consecutive patients. Patients who underwent radial approach had lower risk of bleeding determined by CRUSADE (30 ± 14 vs. 37 ± 15; p < 0.001) as compared with femoral access. In multivariate analysis, four variables were identified as independent predictors negatively associated with radial access ­ age (OR = 0.98; 95%CI = 0.96 ­ 0.99), creatinine (OR = 0.54; 95%CI = 0.3 ­ 0.98), signs of left ventricular failure (OR = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.22 ­ 0.92) and previous CABG (OR = 0.022; 95%CI = 0.003 ­ 0.166). Conclusion: The propensity to choose radial over femoral access in coronary intervention was not primarily influenced by patients' bleeding risk. Predictors of this decision, identified in the study, indicated less complex patients, suggesting that the difficulty in performing the technique was a stronger determinant than its potential antihemorrhagic effect

Incidence and characteristics angiographic of patients with acute myocardial / Incidência e características angiográficas de pacientes com doença miocárdica aguda

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is defined as the death of cardiomyocytes due to prolonged ischemia, caused by thrombosis and / or vasospasm on an atherosclerotic plaque. Objective: To determine the incidence of patients with myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty; characterize the anthropometric variables and identify the risk factors in this population. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational, retrospective study in which we collected secondary data from medical records of a hospital in a city in the state of São Paulo, where the largest number of interventions is via Public Health System, patients with a diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction, undergoing primary coronary angioplasty, from January 2011 to December 2013. Results: The total sample consisted of 437 subjects, 282 male and 155 female. In this study, there was predominance of myocardial infarction in the anterior descending artery ADA (45.51%), followed by right coronary artery RCA (38.46%), in carrying out the rescue angioplasty and stent implantation in 96.62% of cases. There was a predominance of high blood pressure as risk factors for 73.71%, followed by smoking with 41.66% of the sample. Conclusion: According to the present study data, it appears a higher prevalence of infarction occurred in the ADA, with individuals performing the rescue angioplasty procedure and the placement of the stent, and a growing incidence of drug stent placement. We observed a high incidence of risk factors, prevailing hypertension

Factors associated with outcome of endovascular treatment of iliac occlusive disease: a single-center experience / Fatores associados com os desfechos clínicos do tratamento endovascular da doença oclusiva ilíaca: experiência de um único centro

Abstract Background Endovascular treatment (ET) of iliac occlusive disease (IOD) is well established in literature. Use of stents in IOD has achieved long-term limb salvage and patency rates similar to those of open surgery, with lower morbidity and mortality rates. Objectives To report the long-term outcomes, particularly limb salvage and patency rates, of ET for IOD and the factors associated with these outcomes. Methods This retrospective cohort study included patients with IOD who underwent iliac angioplasty (IA), between January 2009 and January 2015. Patients with critical limb ischemia or incapacitating claudication were included. Results In total, 48 IA procedures were performed in 46 patients, with an initial technical success rate of 95.83%. Failure occurred in two patients, who were excluded, leaving 44 patients and 46 IA. The primary patency, secondary patency, limb salvage, and survival rates at 1200 days were 88%, 95.3%, 86.3%, and 69.9%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression revealed that the primary patency rate was significantly worse in patients with TASC type C/D than in patients with TASC type A/B (p = 0.044). Analysis of factors associated with major amputation using Cox regression showed that the rate of limb loss was greater in patients with TASC type C/D (p = 0.043). Male gender was associated with reduced survival (p = 0.011). Conclusions TASC type C/D was associated with a higher number of reinterventions and with worse limb loss and primary patency rates. Male gender was associated with a worse survival rate after ET of IOD.

Resumo Contexto O tratamento endovascular da doença oclusiva ilíaca (DOI) é bem estabelecido. O uso de stents nas angioplastias ilíacas (AI) alcançou estimativas de salvamento de membro e perviedade similares às de cirurgias abertas, porém com menor morbimortalidade. Objetivos Demonstrar os desfechos clínicos a longo prazo, principalmente as estimativas de salvamento de membro (ESM) e perviedade, do tratamento endovascular da DOI e os fatores associados. Método Estudo de coorte retrospectiva e consecutiva incluindo pacientes com DOI e isquemia crítica ou claudicação limitante submetidos a AI entre janeiro de 2009 a janeiro de 2015. Resultados Foram realizadas 48 AI em 46 pacientes, com uma taxa de sucesso técnico inicial de 95,83%. Ocorreu falha técnica em dois pacientes, os quais foram excluídos da análise, restando 44 pacientes e 46 AI. As estimativas de perviedade primária, perviedade secundária, ESM e sobrevida aos 1.200 dias foram de 88%, 95,3%, 86,3% e 69,9%, respectivamente. A regressão de Cox univariada e multivariada revelou que a perviedade primária foi pior em pacientes com classificação TASC C/D do que em pacientes TASC A/B (p = 0,044). Quando analisamos os fatores associados à amputação maior, verificou-se que lesões TASC tipo C/D (p = 0,043) apresentaram piores resultados. O sexo masculino foi associado com sobrevida reduzida (p = 0,011). Conclusões Classificação TASC tipo C/D foi associada a um maior número de reintervenções, maior perda de membro e piores estimativas de perviedade primária. O sexo masculino foi associado a uma pior sobrevida.

Factores de riesgo asociados al daño renal agudo inducido por medios de contraste en pacientes revascularizados mediante angioplastia transluminal percutánea / Risk factors associated with the acute renal damage induced by contrast media in patients revascularized by means of transluminal percutaneous angioplasty

Introducción: los pacientes necesitados de angioplastia transluminal percutánea tienen una elevada probabilidad de presentar daño renal inducido por medios de contraste. Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al daño renal agudo inducido por dichos medios. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de 57 pacientes con cardiopatía, quienes requirieron de angioplastia transluminal percutánea en el Cardiocentro del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras de Ciudad de la Habana, desde enero hasta diciembre de 2016. Para ello se conformaron 2 grupos (con nefropatía y sin ella). Se consideró la existencia de daño renal si la creatinina sérica se incrementaba en 25 por ciento o más a las 72 horas de realizado el proceder. Para estratificar el riesgo se empleó la escala de Mehran modificada. Resultados: existió daño renal en 49,1 por ciento de los pacientes. Los factores asociados fueron la angiografía previa, la angioplastia transluminal percutánea urgente y el volumen de contraste empleado. Según la escala de Mehran hubo un predominio de los afectados en los grupos de riesgo bajo y moderado; sin embargo, teniendo en cuenta los factores de riesgo identificados, estos pacientes prevalecieron en los grupos de riesgo alto y muy alto. Conclusiones: la angiografía previa, la realización urgente de angioplastia transluminal percutánea y el volumen de contraste empleado aumentan el riesgo de daño renal. Se determinó que la escala de Mehran modificada no fue útil para estratificar a los pacientes de bajo riesgo

Introduction: patients in need of transluminal percutaneous angioplasty have a high probability of presenting renal damage induced by contrast media. Objective: to determine the risk factors associated with the acute renal damage induced by this contrast media. Methods: descriptive study of 57 patients with heart disease who required transluminal percutaneous angioplasty in the Cardiology Center of Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital of Havana City, from January to December, 2016. Two groups were conformed for that purpose (with nephropathy and without it). It was considered the existence of renal damage if the serum creatinine increased in 25 percent or more at the 72 hours of having carried out the procedure. The Mehran scale modified was used to stratify the risk. Results: there was renal damage in 49.1 percent of the patients. The associated factors were the previous angiography, the emergency percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and the volume of contrast used. According to the scale of Mehran there was a prevalence of the affected patients in the groups of low and moderate risk; however, taking into account the identified risk factors, these patients prevailed in the groups of high and very high risk. Conclusions: the previous angiography, the emergency of transluminal percutaneous angioplasty and the volume of contrast used increase the risk of renal damage. It was determined that the modified Mehran scale was not useful to stratify the patients of low risk.

Relato de caso sobre comunicação interventricular pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio / Case report on acute postinfarction myocardial interventricular septal rupture

O presente artigo relata dois casos de pacientes, os quais foram admitidos na emergência do Instituto de Moléstias Cardiovasculares (IMC) com dor tipicamente anginosa, caracterizada como dor retroesternal em aperto, com irradiação para a face medial do braço esquerdo e relacionada ao esforço, com melhora no repouso. No exame físico, apresentavam taquicardia e sudorese. O eletrocardiograma evidenciou sinais de isquemia miocárdica em ambos os pacientes. Após as medidas iniciais serem tomadas, um dos pacientes foi submetido à terapia trombolítica e o outro à angioplastia para implantação de stent . Mais tarde, foi identificada a comunicação interventricular (CIV), seguido da necessidade de correção cirúrgica da mesma. Ambos os pacientes evoluíram bem, apesar da alta taxa de mortalidade desta condição

This paper reports two cases of patients who were admitted to the emergency room of the Instituto de Moléstias Cardiovasculares (IMC) with typically anginal pain, characterized by tight retrosternal pain radiating to the inside left arm, related to stress and improving with rest. Physical examination showed tachycardia and excessive sweating. Electrocardiogram showed signs of myocardial ischemia in both patients. After the initial measures were taken, one of the patients received thrombolytic therapy, and the other angioplasty for stent implantation. Later, interventricular septum rupture (IVSR) was identified, followed by the need for surgery to correct it. Both patients recovered well, despite the high mortality rate of this condition

Relação entre classe funcional e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo em pacientes com doença coronariana candidatos à reabilitação cardíaca / Relationship between functional class and left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with coronary heart disease who were candidates for cardiac rehabilitation

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a potencial relação entre classe funcional segundo a New York Heart Association e a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo em pacientes com doença coronariana candidatos à reabilitação cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal retrospectivo, por meio da análise de prontuários de pacientes com doença coronariana candidatos ao Programa de Reabilitação Cardíaca do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Foram incluídos pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 50 e 65 anos, sendo excluídos aqueles com insuficiência renal crônica, anemia, ecocardiograma com baixa qualidade de imagem, pacientes com ritmo não sinusal e indivíduos cujos prontuários não apresentavam informações suficientes. A coleta dos dados ocorreu no período de agosto de 2015 a março de 2016, tendo sido extraídas dos prontuários as informações que compuseram as variáveis de interesse, tais como: dados clínicos e demográficos (sexo, idade, comorbidades, diagnóstico clínico, tratamento cirúrgico e medicamentoso), valores da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo coletados através de ecocardiografia (Doppler convencional e Doppler tecidual) e a classe funcional a partir do teste ergométrico. A análise estatística foi realizada mediante a aplicação do teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do post hoc de Dunn. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados consecutivamente 131 prontuários, sendo que 102 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A média de idade da amostra foi de 59,23±7,95 anos e 70 (68,63%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino. Ocorreu predomínio da classe funcional I. Observouse relação inversa entre classe funcional e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo: quanto mais avançada a classe funcional, maior foi o comprometimento do desempenho cardíaco (p=0,036). CONCLUSÕES: Nesta amostra de pacientes com doença coronariana, ingressantes em um programa de reabilitação cardíaca, houve relação inversa entre fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e progressão da classe funcional. Este achado fornece informações sobre as limitações impostas pela doença na capacidade de exercício e na função cardíaca do paciente e pode auxiliar na elaboração de um programa de treinamento físico.

AIMS: To assess the potential relation between the New York Heart Association functional class and left ventricular ejection fraction in coronary heart disease patients who were candidates for cardiac rehabilitation. METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study based on the analysis of medical records of coronary heart disease patients who were candidates for the Cardiac Rehabilitation Program of Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Both male and female patients aged 50 to 65 were included, whereas patients with chronic renal failure, anemia, poor echocardiographic image quality, nonsinus rhythm, and also those individuals whose medical records lacked sufficient information were excluded. Data were collected from August 2015 to March 2016, and the information that made up the variables of interest was extracted from the medical records, such as: clinical and demographic data (sex, age, comorbidities, clinical diagnosis, surgical and drug treatment), left ventricular ejection fraction values obtained by echocardiography (conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography), and functional class from the ergometric test. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post-hoc test. The significance level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: A total of 131 medical records were consecutively evaluated, of which 102 met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 59.23±7.95 years and 70 (68.63%) patients were male, with a predominance of functional class I. There was an inverse relation between functional class and ejection fraction: the more advanced the functional class, the more compromised the cardiac performance (p=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of patients with coronary heart disease who were candidates for cardiac rehabilitation, there was an inverse relation between left ventricular ejection fraction and functional class. This finding provides information about the limitations imposed by the disease on patient's exercise capacity and heart function and can contribute to the development of a physical training program.

Resultados a longo prazo da angioplastia de artérias renais com stent na doença aterosclerótica: revisão sistemática / Long term outcome of renal artery angioplasty with stenting for atherosclerotic stenosis: a systematic review

A doença renovascular aterosclerótica é a principal causa de hipertensão secundária. A história natural da doença demonstra taxas de progressão de 4 a 12% ao ano. Entre os métodos de tratamento existe a angioplastia com stent de artérias renais; porém, poucos estudos clínicos demonstraram seus resultados a longo prazo. Esta revisão sistemática da literatura se propõe a apresentar os resultados a longo prazo (acima de 24 meses) da angioplastia com stent de artérias renais na doença aterosclerótica em relação à função renal e aos níveis pressóricos no controle da hipertensão. Foi realizada uma ampla pesquisa, utilizando os termos apropriados, nas bases de dados LILACS, EMBASE, SCIELO, Cochrane Library e MEDLINE. De um total de 2.170 referências, apenas sete artigos contemplavam todos os critérios de inclusão. Conclui-se que, a longo prazo, há uma estabilização da função renal, redução dos níveis pressóricos e diminuição do número de classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos

Atherosclerotic renovascular disease is the most important cause of secondary hypertension. The natural history of the disease reveals progression rates of 4 to 12% per year. Angioplasty with renal artery stenting is one treatment option; but there are few studies that have reported long-term results. The objective of this systematic literature review is to discuss the long-term results (at least 24 months) of angioplasty with stenting of renal arteries for atherosclerotic disease, in terms of renal function and blood pressure levels for control of hypertension. A thorough search was conducted of LILACS, EMBASE, SCIELO, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE using the appropriate terms. Just seven out of 2170 references identified met all inclusion criteria. It was concluded that over the long term renal function was stabilized, blood pressure levels were reduced, and the number of classes of antihypertensive medication decreased

Serial High-Sensitivity Troponin T in Post-Primary Angioplasty Exercise Test / Troponina T de Alta Sensibilidade Seriada em Teste de Estresse Realizado Após Angioplastia Primária

Abstract Background: The kinetics of high-sensitivity troponin T (hscTnT) release should be studied in different situations, including functional tests with transient ischemic abnormalities. Objective: To evaluate the release of hscTnT by serial measurements after exercise testing (ET), and to correlate hscTnT elevations with abnormalities suggestive of ischemia. Methods: Patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary angioplasty were referred for ET 3 months after infarction. Blood samples were collected to measure basal hscTnT immediately before (TnT0h), 2 (TnT2h), 5 (TnT5h), and 8 hours (TnT8h) after ET. The outcomes were peak hscTnT, TnT5h/TnT0h ratio, and the area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) for hscTnT levels. Log-transformation was performed on hscTnT values, and comparisons were assessed with the geometric mean ratio, along with their 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was assessed by analysis of covariance with no adjustment, and then, adjusted for TnT0h, age and sex, followed by additional variables (metabolic equivalents, maximum heart rate achieved, anterior wall STEMI, and creatinine clearance). Results: This study included 95 patients. The highest geometric means were observed at 5 hours (TnT5h). After adjustments, peak hscTnT, TnT5h/TnT0h and AUC were 59% (p = 0.002), 59% (p = 0.003) and 45% (p = 0.003) higher, respectively, in patients with an abnormal ET as compared to those with normal tests. Conclusion: Higher elevations of hscTnT may occur after an abnormal ET as compared to a normal ET in patients with STEMI.

Resumo Fundamento: O comportamento da troponina T de alta sensibilidade (hscTnT) deve ser estudado em diversas situações, incluindo testes funcionais com alterações sugestivas de isquemia transitória. Objetivo: Analisar o comportamento da hscTnT seriada após teste ergométrico (TE) e correlacionar aumentos desse marcador com anormalidades sugestivas de isquemia. Métodos: Participantes com infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnível do segmento ST (IAMCSST) submetidos à angioplastia primária e encaminhados para TE realizado após terceiro mês do infarto. A hscTnT foi coletada imediatamente antes do exame (TnT0h) e 2 (TnT2h), 5 (TnT5h) e 8 horas (TnT8h) após (TnT0h, TnT2h, TnT5h e TnT8h, respectivamente). Os desfechos considerados foram: pico de hscTnT (TnT pico), razão TnT5h/TnT0h e área sob a curva. Utilizada transformação logarítmica e apresentação dos valores como médias geométricas. As comparações foram sumarizadas pela razão das médias com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança. A significância estatística foi verificada em modelo de ANCOVA sem ajustes e, em seguida, ajustando-se para a TnT0h, sexo, idade e variáveis adicionais (METS, porcentagem da frequência cardíaca máxima atingida, IAMCSST de parede anterior e depuração da creatinina). Resultados: Foram incluídos 95 participantes. Ocorreram maiores valores nas médias geométricas de hscTnT no momento de TnT5h. Após ajustes, o TnT pico, TnT5h/TnT0h e área sob a curva foram 59% (p = 0,002), 59% (p = 0,003) e 45% (p = 0,003) maiores, respectivamente, em pacientes apresentando TE alterado em comparação a TE normal. Conclusão: Maiores elevações de hscTnT podem ocorrer após TE alterado em comparação a testes normais em pacientes com histórico de IAMCSST.