Leprosy: prevalence and factors associated with seropositivity for anti-NDO-LID antibodies in children under 15 years of age

Abstract: Background: A high prevalence of leprosy among children under 15 years of age indicates the need to implement actions to prevent new cases of the disease. Serological tests have been developed with the aim of helping to control the disease by indicating, through seropositivity, the presence of infection. Objective: To analyze the prevalence and factors associated with seropositivity rate for anti-NDO-LID antibodies in children under 15 years of age, contacts of leprosy patients. Method: We performed a cross-sectional study with 210 children under 15 years old of age. Of them, 50 were household contacts and 160 were neighborhood contacts living in the municipality of Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso, in 2016. The data were obtained from interviews and the NDO-LID rapid test during home visits from February to July 2016. For the analysis, we used Poisson regression and prevalence ratio. Results: Seropositivity in contacts was 6.2%. Variables associated with seropositive tests included sex (PR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.08), race/skin color (PR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.90 - 0.99), residence area (PR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.09), and number of people per household (PR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.08). Study Limitations: The small sample size, besides leading to wide confidence intervals, may have been a limitation for the identification of associated factors. Conclusions: The prevalence of seropositivity was high. Variables associated with NDO-LID seropositivity included female sex, not to be brown skinned, live in urban areas, and live with five or more people.

Guía Argentina de urticaria y angioedema

Se actualiza el diagnóstico de la urticaria crónica (UC) y los conceptos, definiciones y sugerencias basados en la evidencia para su tratamiento. La urticaria ocurre en al menos 20% de la población en algún momento de la vida. Su etiología difiere en la forma aguda (menos de 6 semanas), y en la crónica. No es posible pronosticar si las formas agudas evolucionarán a UC, ya que todas son agudas al comienzo. La UC ocurre como espontánea (UCE) o inducible (UCI). El diagnóstico es sencillo, pero incluye un minucioso estudio para descartar diagnósticos diferenciales; para UCI son útiles las pruebas de provocación en la caracterización y manejo. Los estudios complementarios se deben limitar y orientar según sospecha clínica. El tratamiento se divide en tres enfoques: evitación, eliminación o tratamiento del estímulo desencadenante o de la causa, y tratamiento farmacológico. Recientemente éste se modificó, con empleo de antihistamínicos de segunda generación como primera línea y aumento de dosis de antihistamínicos H1 no sedantes, hasta 4 veces, como segunda línea. Los antihistamínicos son fundamentales para tratar la UC; sin embargo, un 40% de los pacientes no logra un buen control pese al aumento de dosis y requiere otro medicamento adicional. La evidencia más reciente considera que un grupo de fármacos puede utilizarse como tercera línea en estos casos, para mejorar la calidad de vida y limitar la toxicidad por el uso frecuente o crónico de esteroides sistémicos. Se recomiendan para esta tercera línea solo 3 fármacos: omalizumab, ciclosporina A o antileucotrienos.

This interdisciplinary paper summarizes the news in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic urticaria (CU), and provides concepts, definitions and evidence-based suggestions for its management. Urticaria occurs in at least 20% of the population at some point in their lives. Acute urticaria (less than 6 weeks' duration), differs from CU in its etiology, but the onset of this disease is always acute. CU may occur as spontaneous (SCU) or induced (ICU). The diagnosis is simple, although a careful evaluation is necessary for differential diagnosis. ICU´s diagnosis is mainly clinical, even if provocation tests can be useful. Supplementary studies should be limited and based on the clinical suspicion. Treatment may be divided into three approaches: avoidance, elimination or treatment of the cause, and pharmacological treatment. Recently treatment has been modified with the use of second-generation antihistamines as first-line and increased doses of nonsedating H1 antihistamines, up to 4 times, as second line. Antihistamines are essential to treat CU; however, 40% of patients do not achieve good control despite increased doses and require additional treatment. The most recent evidence indicates a group of drugs to be used as third line in these cases, to improve quality of life and to limit toxicity from frequent or chronic use of systemic steroids. Only 3 drugs are recommended as third line: omalizumab, cyclosporin A or anti-leukotrienes.

Omalizumab: opción terapéutica para la urticaria crónica espontánea de difícil control con vasculitis asociada, reporte de tres casos / Omalizumab: therapeutic option in chronic spontaneous urticaria difficult to control with associated vasculitis, report of three cases

Introducción. Aproximadamente el 50 % de los casos de urticaria crónica no mejoran adecuadamente con las dosis convencionales de antihistamínicos, por lo cual se han planteado múltiples opciones terapéuticas, entre las cuales el omalizumab es una herramienta novedosa que ahora cuenta con evidencia de alta calidad que soporta su uso en los casos difíciles, que mejora rápidamente el índice sintomático y el uso de medicamentos, y cuenta con un buen perfil de seguridad. Objetivo. Presentar tres casos de mujeres adultas con urticaria crónica espontánea de más de ocho años de evolución, que no mejoraron con el tratamiento con altas dosis de antihistamínicos, asociados a antileucotrienos e inmunomoduladores y en quienes se combinaban varios mecanismos fisiopatológicos: urticaria crónica espontánea con componente de autoinmunidad, componente de presión y urticaria vasculítica. Materiales y métodos. Se reportan los casos con sus respectivas evaluaciones clínicas y de laboratorio, los medicamentos usados y la respuesta después del inicio de omalizumab y se hace una revisión de la literatura científica sobre uso de este medicamento en la urticaria crónica. Resultados. En los tres casos presentados se obtuvo una mejoría completa de los síntomas tras el inicio del omalizumab. Conclusión. El omalizumab es una opción terapéutica exitosa en casos de urticaria crónica de difícil control con vasculitis asociada, cuando se han agotado las opciones propuestas por las guías internacionales.

Introduction: Approximately 50% of chronic urticaria cases do not respond adequately to conventional doses of antihistamines, so a number of other therapeutic options have been suggested. Among these, omalizumab is an innovative tool, which now has high-quality evidence that supports its use in difficult cases, rapidly improving the symptom index and the use of medications with a good safety profile. Objective: To report three cases of adult women with spontaneous chronic urticaria with an evolution of more than eight years, which did not improve with high doses of antihistamines and leukotriene receptor blockers, associated with immunomodulatory therapy in which several etiologic mechanisms were combined: chronic spontaneous urticaria with autoimmune and pressure components, and vasculitis. Materials and methods: We report the cases with their clinical and laboratory evaluations, used medication, the response after the start of omalizumab and we performed a review of the literature on the use of this drug in chronic urticaria. Results: In all the presented cases, we obtained complete improvement of symptoms after starting omalizumab. Conclusion: Omalizumab is a successful treatment option in cases of difficult to control chronic urticaria with associated vasculitis in which the options proposed by international guidelines have been exhausted.

Asma de difícil control en niños y adolescentes: Estrategias diagnóstico-terapéuticas / Poorly controlled asthma: diagnosis and therapeutics in children and adolescents

El asma es una de las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes en los niños. Si bien la mayoría de los niños con asma responden a bajas dosis de corticoides inhalados y/o antagonistas del receptor de leucotrienos, algunos de ellos permanecen sintomáticos independientemente de cualquier esfuerzo terapéutico, presentando una elevada morbilidad e inclusive mortalidad. Aunque la mayoría de los pacientes controlan los síntomas de forma adecuada, existe un grupo importante que presenta síntomas graves de la enfermedad difíciles de controlar (ADC). El objetivo de la presente revisión es discutir los aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos del ACD en los menores de 18 años y su implicancia en la práctica clínica diaria.

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. While most children with asthma respond to low doses of inhaled corticosteroids and /or leukotriene receptor antagonists, some of them remain symptomatic regardless of any therapeutic effort, showing a high morbidity and even mortality. While most of the patients control symptoms adequately, there is a large group with severe symptoms of the disease and difficult to control. The aim of this review is to discuss the clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of poorly controlled asthma in children and adolescents and its implications in daily clinical practice.

Prevalencia de anticuerpos anti hantavirus en 10 comunas de la Novena Región de Chile donde se han diagnosticado casos de infección clínica por hantavirus / Seroprevalence of antibodies anti-hantavirus in 10 communities of the IX region of Chile where hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome cases were reported

Background: Thirty six cases of clinical Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome occurred in the IX Region of Chile. Most of these patients were young males, farm or timber workers, who lived near the Andes Mountain chain. Aim: To conduct an epidemiological and serosurvey study to determine the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against Hantavirus in the general adult population living in rural and urban areas of 10 endemic communities of the IX region of Chile. Material and methods: A total of 400 subjects were included, 40 of each community, 20 rural residents and 20 urban residents, 20 males and 20 females. Results: Seroprevalence was 7.5 percent in Melipeuco, 5.0 percent in Lonquimay, 2.5 percent in Curacautin, 2.5 percent in Puc-n and 0.0 percent in the remaining communities. Seroprevalence was higher in rural population (2.5 percent) than in the urban areas (1 percent). All seropositive subjects worked in farms or forests and observed rodents near their homes or working places. Females were affected the same as males and no differences were observed between Chilean natives and Hispanics. Conclusions: Prevalence of Hantavirus antibodies correlated with the geographic zone (Andes Mountain chain), overgrowth of wild rodents and exposure to rodent-infested environments

Anticuerpos antiidiotípicos en pacientes politransfundidos / Antiidiotypic antibodies in polytransfused patients

Los pacientes politransfundidos con insuficiência renal crônica, van aumentando cada vez mas en las listas de espera de transplante renal, el que es de difícil realización puesto que estos pacientes presentan anticuerpos citotóxicos (Ab1) para casi todas las especificidades antigénicas. Muchos autores han indicado que la eventual presencia de anticuerpos antiidiotípicos (Ab2) ayuda al êxito del transplante y por eso el hecho de detectarlos de una manera simple y rápida podria ser de gran interés. En este estudio se realizaron 131 tests de inhibición de linfocitotoxicidad (TIL) con 21 muestras de suero de 9 pacientes politransfundidos, testándolos con células de antigenicidad conocida. Se usaron un suero con "cross match" contra panel (CMP) de fecha antigua y un suero mas reciente con CMP menor de cada paciente para realizar el TIL. 31 tests fueron positivos indicando que en elsuero de fecha mas reciente éxistian Ab2 que bloqueaban específicamente los Ab1 presentes en el suero mas antiguo.

Lectins for the detection of IgM antibodies to T. gondii in the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis by immunofluorescence test

Lectinas foram marcadas com fluoresceína e testadas na reaçäo de imunofluoresceína e testadas na reaçäo de imunofluorescência para a detecçäo de anticorpos anti-T. gondii, no diagnóstico da toxoplasmose aguda. Neste estudo tentou-se encontrar reagentes alternativos para conjugados fluorescentes anti-IgM humano (CFAIgMH), que com freqüência contém anticorpos antitoxoplasma, como contaminantes, devido às infecçöes naturais por T. gondii, entre os animais utilizados para imunizaçäo. Conjugados fluorescentes de lectina de lentilha (CFL) (Lens culinaris) forneceram resultados satisfatórios. Avaliaçäo do CFL efetuada em total de 179 amostras de soros de pacientes com toxoplasmose aguda e crônica, com infecçöes näo relacionadas e de indivíduos sadios, mostrou valores altos nos índices de eficiência relativa, co-positividade e co-negatividade, respectivamente de 0,989, 0,969 e 1,000, em relaçäo ao CFFAIgMH convencional. Além disso, três partidas de CFL preparadas sucessivamente forneceram resultados reprodutíveis. A vantagem de se empregar o LFC como reagente alternativo no diagnóstico sorológico da toxoplasmose aguda consiste nos aspectos práticos da sua preparaçäo

Immunopathologic studies in myocardial biopsies of patients with Chagas' disease and idiopathic cardiomyopathy

Foram estudadas biópsias de ventrículo direito de 30 pacientes, 15 com doença crônica de Chagas e 15 com miocardiopatia congestiva idiopática. Analisou-se também cinco fragmentos miocárdicos obtidos de pacientes chagásicos com menos de duas horas de óbito. Os autores tentaram estabelecer, por meio de técnica de imunofluorescência direta, a presença de imunoglobulina G, A, e M, fibrinogênio e C3. Somente uma das 30 biópsias exibiu reaçäo positiva para IgG que era de um paciente com miocardiopatia congestiva idiopática. Todos os fragmentos provenientes de pacientes chagásicos näo apresentaram qualquer fluorescência com nenhum dos conjugados