Implante de válvula aórtica percutánea por acceso transcarotídeo: reporte del primer caso realizado en Chile / Percutaneous aortic valve replacement by trans-carotid approach: First case in Chile

La indicación en el implante de la válvula aortica percutánea (TAVI) se ha incrementado considerablemente en los últimos años, utilizando de preferencia el acceso transfemoral (TF), sin embargo, no queda claro cual debería ser la 2 vía de preferencia ante contraindicaciones a esta última. Presentamos un paciente de 81 años con alto riesgo quirúrgico en quien luego de discusión con heart team se decidió realizar TAVI y posterior a la identificación de obstrucción de la luz aortica descendente de 50%, se decidido realizar acceso transcarotideo izquierdo. Numerosos abordajes alternativos a la vía TF han sido descriptos en los últimos años. La vía transcarotidea ha sido la de mejores resultados en distintas revisiones clínicas y la que se ha presentado como 2° alternativa a la TF en algoritmos establecidos. Reportamos el primer implante de TAVI por vía transcarotidea en el hospital las Higueras, Chile.

The indication for percutaneous aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has increased considerably in recent years, preferably using transfemoral access (TF); however, it is not clear which should be the preferred access in the event of contraindications to the latter. We present an 81-year-old patient with high surgical risk in whom a 50% obstruction of the descending aortic lumen was identified and so, a left transcarotid access was chosen. Numerous alternative approaches to the TF approach have been described in recent years. The transcarotid approach has been the one with the best results in different clinical reviews and the one that has been presented as the second alternative to TF in established algorithms. We report the first transcarotid TAVI implantation in Las Higueras Hospital, Talcahuano, Chile.

Prevalencia de lesiones ateroscleróticas carotídeas en radiografía panorámica y su relación con factores de riesgo cardiovascular en brasileños / Prevalence of atherosclerotic carotid lesions on panoramic radiography and relationship with cardiovascular risk factors in Brazilians

RESUMEN: Aunque la radiografía panorámica no es una prueba de diagnóstico inicial para detectar la aterosclerosis carotídea, no podemos ignorar su valor al ver estas lesiones como hallazgos incidentales que pueden ser grandes aliados en el diagnóstico temprano y la prevención de eventos vasculares graves. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de calcificaciones en la bifurcación de la arteria carótida en las radiografías panorámicas de rutina como principio diagnóstico, así como su relación con los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en individuos brasileños. Se analizaron 449 exámenes de radiografía panorámica de la base de datos del Departamento de Radiología de la Facultad de Odontología de Piracicaba, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brasil. Después de obtener mediciones de la presión arterial e información sobre el tabaquismo y las enfermedades sistémicas, fue buscado en la radiografía panorámica la presencia o ausencia de la masa radiopaca en las regiones de las vértebras cervicales C3-C4. En el caso de una imagen sugestiva de ateroma, se realizó una radiografía anteroposterior para confirmar el diagnóstico. Aplicamos la prueba estadística de Chi-cuadrado con distribución normal y muestras independientes y aleatorias con un intervalo de confianza del 95 %. La confirmación de calcificaciones carotideas se produjo en el 8,5 % de la población de estudio (38 casos). No encontramos ninguna relación entre la presencia de calcificaciones con el tabaquismo, con el sexo o con datos previos de antecedentes familiares. Sin embargo 49,1 % de los casos estaban por encima de sesenta años y tenía asociación significativa con la hipertensión (P = 0,006). El mayor riesgo se presenta en pacientes ancianos hipertensos y, por lo tanto, hacemos hincapié en la importancia de una observación minuciosa de las radiografías panorámicas en la búsqueda de cualquier alteración de la anatomía normal y si es así, proceder con la derivación lo antes posible para un diagnóstico concluyente por parte de un especialista, pudiendo así ayudar en la prevención de episodios vasculares graves.

SUMMARY: Although panoramic radiography is not an initial diagnostic test for detecting carotid atherosclerosis, we cannot ignore its value in viewing these lesions as incidental findings that can be great allies in early diagnosis and prevention of serious vascular events. The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of calcifications in the bifurcation of the carotid artery on routine panoramic radiographs as a diagnostic principle, as well as its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors in Brazilians. We analyzed 449 panoramic radiography exams from the database of the Department of Radiology of the Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil. After obtaining blood pressure measurements and information on smoking and systemic diseases, the researcher observed on the panoramic radiograph, the presence or absence of the radiopaque mass in the regions of the cervical vertebrae C3-C4. In the case of a suggestive image of atheroma, an anteroposterior radiography was performed to confirm the diagnosis. The Chi-square test of normal distribution for independent and random samples with a 95 % confidence interval was applied to the data. Confirmation of carotid calcifications occurred in 8.5 % of the study population (38 cases). We did not find any relationship between the presence of calcifications with smoking, sex or previous family history. However, 49.1 % of cases occurred above sixty years old and there was a significant relationship with hypertension (P = 0.006). The greatest risk was presented in elderly and hypertensive patients, so we highlight the importance of a thorough observation by the dentist of panoramic radiographs to detect any alteration of the normal anatomy and in the positive case, proceed with the referral as soon as possible for a conclusive diagnosis by a specialist, being able to thus assist in the prevention of severe vascular episodes.

Moyamoya disease / Enfermedad de Moyamoya

Moyamoya disease is a chronic neurovascular disease characterized by progressive bilateral stenosis of the internal carotid arteries with abnormal formation of new abnormal blood vessels whose blockage of blood flow causes a variety of clinical manifestations and complications associated with acute cerebrovascular events (ischemic or hemorrhagic), which may even be fatal. This article seeks to describe this entity, its incidence, prevalence, forms of presentation, therapeutic measures and prognosis through a clinical case report. (Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:http://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1424).

La enfermedad de Moyamoya es una enfermedad neurovascular crónica caracterizada por una estenosis progresiva bilateral de las arterias carótidas internas, con la formación anormal de nuevos vasos sanguíneos, cuyo bloqueo en flujo sanguíneo ocasiona variadas manifestaciones clínicas y complicaciones asociadas a eventos cerebrovasculares (isquémicos o hemorrágicos) agudos que pueden llegar a ser incluso mortales. El presente artículo pretende realizar una aproximación acerca de esta entidad, su incidencia, prevalencia, formas de presentación y medidas terapéuticas y pronostico mediante el reporte de un caso clínico.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1424).

Evaluation of carotid intima-media thickness and factors associated with cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease / Avaliação da espessura médio-intimal da carótida e fatores associados à doença cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes com doença renal crônica

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the carotid intima-media thickness and factors associated with cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease. Material and methods: Observational, cross-sectional study carried out at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (chronic kidney disease outpatient clinics) with 55 patients (60% males) with a median age of 11.9 years (I25-I75: 9.2-14.8 years). Of the 55 patients, 43 were on conservative treatment and 12 were on dialysis. Serum laboratory parameters (creatinine, uric acid, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol and fractions, and triglycerides), nutritional status (z-score of body mass index, z-score of height/age), body fat (fat percentage and waist circumference), and blood pressure levels were evaluated. The carotid intima-media thickness measure was evaluated by a single ultrasonographer and compared with percentiles established according to gender and height. Data collection was performed between May 2015 and March 2016. Results: Of the children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease, 74.5% (95% CI: 61.0; 85.3) showed an increase (>P95) in carotid intima-media thickness. In patients with stages I and II hypertension, 90.9% had increased carotid intima-media thickness. Nutritional status, body fat and laboratory tests were not associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness. After multivariate adjustment, only puberty (PR = 1.30, p = 0.037) and stages I and II arterial hypertension (PR = 1.42, p = 0.011) were independently associated with carotid intima-media thickness alterations. Conclusion: The prevalence of increased carotid thickness was high in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease. Puberty and arterial hypertension were independently associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a espessura médio-intimal da carótida e os fatores associados à doença cardiovascular em crianças e adolescentes com doença renal crônica. Material e métodos: Estudo observacional transversal feito na Universidade Federal de São Paulo (ambulatórios de doença renal crônica) com 55 pacientes (60% do sexo masculino) com mediana de 11,9 anos (I25-I75: 9,2-14,8). Dos 55 pacientes, 43 estavam em tratamento conservador e 12 em terapia dialítica. Foram avaliados os parâmetros laboratoriais séricos (creatinina, ácido úrico, proteína C-reativa, colesterol total e frações e triglicérides), estado nutricional (escore z de índice de massa corpórea, escore z de estatura/idade), gordura corporal (percentual de gordura e circunferência abdominal) e pressão arterial. A medida da espessura médio-intimal da carótida foi avaliada por um único ultrassonografista e comparada com percentis estabelecidos de acordo com o sexo e a estatura. A coleta de dados foi feita entre maio de 2015 e março de 2016. Resultados: Das crianças e adolescentes com doença renal crônica, 74,5% (IC 95%: 61,0; 85,3) apresentaram aumento (> P95) da espessura médio-intimal da carótida. Nos pacientes com hipertensão arterial estágios I e II, 90,9% apresentaram aumento da espessura médio-intimal da carótida. O estado nutricional, a gordura corporal e os exames laboratoriais não apresentaram associação com o aumento da espessura médio-intimal da carótida. Após ajuste multivariado, apenas a puberdade (RP = 1,30; p = 0,037) e a hipertensão arterial estágios I e II (RP = 1,42; p = 0,011) mostraram-se independentemente associados à alteração da espessura médio-intimal da carótida. Conclusão: A prevalência do aumento da espessura da carótida foi elevada em crianças e adolescentes com doença renal crônica. A puberdade e a hipertensão arterial mostraram-se independentemente associadas ao aumento da espessura médio-intimal da carótida.

Correlation between exercise stress test and echocardiographic parameters in elderly individuals / Correlação entre teste ergométrico e parâmetros ecocardiográficos em idosos

Background: Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) in healthy individuals decreases approximately 10% per decade of life, and such decrease is more pronounced after the seventh decade. Objectives: To assess functional capacity of individuals aged 75 years or older, submitted to ergometric test and transthoracic echocardiogram exam, by means of metabolic equivalent (MET) and VO2 max measurements. Methods: A total of 381 patients (205 women; 79 ± 3.7 years) were evaluated. Exclusion criteria were: presence of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, LV diastolic dysfunction grade II and III, significant valve disease, or coronary artery disease with systolic LV dysfunction or dilatation. Associations between quantitative variables were analyzed by Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, and comparisons of quantitative data by Student's t-test for independent samples.Results: Increasing age was associated with a progressive decrease in the distance covered (p = 0.021), in the expected increase in HR (p < 0.001), in VO2 max (p < 0.001), and METs (p < 0.001) in both genders. There was no correlation of exercise test parameters with the echocardiographic parameters. Conclusions: Relatively healthy older individuals, with global systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle preserved, presented a progressive decrease in their functional capacity due to their natural aging process, comorbidities related to their age range and physical deconditioning

Frequency of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Brazilian HIV-Infected Patients / Frequência de Aterosclerose Subclínica em Brasileiros Infectados pelo HIV

Abstract Background: AIDS as well as atherosclerosis are important public health problems. The longer survival among HIV-infected is associated with increased number of cardiovascular events in this population, and this association is not fully understood. Objectives: To identify the frequency of subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients compared to control subjects; to analyze associations between atherosclerosis and clinical and laboratory variables, cardiovascular risk factors, and the Framingham coronary heart disease risk score (FCRS). Methods: Prospective cross-sectional case-control study assessing the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in 264 HIV-infected patients and 279 controls. Clinical evaluation included ultrasound examination of the carotid arteries, arterial stiffness by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx), laboratory analysis of peripheral blood, and cardiovascular risk according to FCRS criteria. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was p < 0.05. Results: Plaques were found in 37% of the HIV group and 4% of controls (p < 0.001). Furthermore, carotid intima-media thickness was higher in the HIV group than in controls (p < 0.001). Patients with carotid plaque had higher fasting glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides than those without plaques. The presence of HIV, adjusted for age, overweight/obesity, and smoking increased by almost fivefold the risk of atherosclerotic carotid plaque (OR: 4.9; 95%CI: 2.5-9.9; p < 0.001). Exposure to protease inhibitors did not influence carotid intima-media thickness, was not associated with carotid plaque frequency, and did not alter the mechanical characteristics of the arterial system (PWV and AIx). Conclusions: HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of atherosclerosis in association with classical cardiovascular risk factors. Treatment with protease inhibitors does not promote functional changes in the arteries, and shows no association with increased frequency of atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries. The FCRS may be inappropriate for this population.

Resumo Fundamento: Aterosclerose e AIDS são importantes problemas de saúde pública. A maior sobrevida de indivíduos infectados pelo HIV acha-se associada com maior número de eventos cardiovasculares nessa população, mas tal associação ainda não foi completamente esclarecida. Objetivos: Identificar a frequência de aterosclerose subclínica em pacientes infectados pelo HIV em comparação a controles; analisar as associações entre aterosclerose e variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais, fatores de risco cardiovascular e escore de risco de Framingham (ERF) para doença coronariana. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo transversal caso-controle avaliando a presença de aterosclerose subclínica em 264 pacientes infectados pelo HIV e 279 controles. A avaliação clínica incluiu ultrassonografia das artérias carótidas, análise da rigidez arterial através da velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP) e augmentation index (AIx), exames laboratoriais do sangue periférico e determinação do risco cardiovascular segundo os critérios do ERF. O nível de significância adotado na análise estatística foi p < 0,05. Resultados: Placas foram identificadas em 37% do grupo infectado pelo HIV e em 4% dos controles (p < 0,001). A espessura médio-intimal carotídea foi maior no grupo HIV do que nos controles (p < 0,001). Pacientes com placa carotídea apresentaram maiores níveis de glicemia de jejum, colesterol total, colesterol da lipoproteína de baixa densidade e triglicérides do que aqueles sem placas. A presença do HIV, ajustada por idade, sobrepeso/obesidade e tabagismo aumentou em quase cinco vezes o risco de placa aterosclerótica carotídea (OR: 4,9; IC95%: 2,5-9,9; p < 0,001). Exposição aos inibidores da protease não influenciou a espessura médio-intimal carotídea, não se associou com frequência de placa carotídea e não alterou as características mecânicas do sistema arterial (VOP e AIx). Conclusões: Pacientes infectados pelo HIV apresentam maior risco de aterosclerose na associação com os clássicos fatores de risco cardiovascular. Tratamento com os inibidores da protease não promove alterações funcionais nas artérias, nem se associa com maior frequência de placas ateroscleróticas carotídeas. O ERF pode ser inadequado para essa população.

Fluxo mediado pela dilatação e espessura da íntima-média da carótida em pacientes com gastrite crônica associada com infecção por Helicobacter pylori / Flow mediated dilation and carotid intima media thickness in patients with chronic gastritis associated with helicobacter pylori infection

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction is one of the early stages of vascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the endothelial dysfunction markers in patients with chronic gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. METHODS: By a cross sectional study, basic and clinical information of 120 participants (40 patients with positive H. pylori infection, 40 patients with negative H. pylori infection and 40 healthy people) were analyzed. Carotid intima media thickness and flow-mediated dilation levels were measured in all patients and controls. Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were measured with Elisa for all subjects. IgG level was assessed in chronic gastritis patients. RESULTS: The flow-mediated dilation level in patients with positive H. pylori infection (0.17%±0.09) was significantly lower than those with negative H. pylori infection (0.21% ±0.10, P<0.05) and compared to the control group (0.27% ±0.11, P<0.05). Carotid intima media thickness level in patients with positive H. pylori infection (0.58±0.13 mm) was significantly higher than those with negative H. pylori infection (0.48±0.32 mm, P<0.05) and compared to the control group (0.36±0.44mm, P<0.05). The mean level of sICAM-1 in positive H. pylori infection group (352.16±7.54 pg/mL) was higher than negative H. pylori infection group (332.64±8.75 pg/mL =0.75) and compared to the control group (236.32±12.43 pg/mL, P<0.05). A direct relationship was revealed between flow-mediated dilation and carotid intima media thickness changes and between sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 associated with the level of H. pylori IgG in chronic gastritis. CONCLUSION: The levels of flow-mediated dilation, carotid intima media thickness and sICAM-1 were higher among patients with positive H. pylori infection. Patients with chronic gastritis associated with H. pylori infection are at risk of endothelial dysfunction due to flow-mediated dilation and carotid intima media thickness abnormalities and increased level of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A disfunção endotelial é um dos estágios iniciais de doenças vasculares. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os marcadores de disfunção endotelial em pacientes com gastrite crônica associada com infecção por Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). MÉTODOS: Através de estudo cruzado seccional, foram analisadas informações básicas e clínicas de 120 participantes (40 pacientes com infecção pelo H. pylori, 40 pacientes sem infecção pelo H. pylori e 40 pessoas saudáveis). A espessura da camada íntima-média da carótida e níveis de dilatação mediada por fluxo foram medidos em todos os pacientes e controles. A adesão da molécula-1 solúvel (sVCAM-1) à célula vascular e da molécula de adesão intercelular-1 (ICAM-1) foram medidas pelo método Elisa para todas os indivíduos. O nível de H. pylori IgG foi avaliado em pacientes de gastrite crônica. RESULTADOS: O nível de dilatação mediada por fluxo em pacientes com infecção positiva pelo H. pylori foi significativamente menor do que em aqueles com infecção negativa (0,17% ±0, 09) X (0,21% ±0,10) P<0,05 e em relação ao grupo controle (0,27% ±0,11) P<0,05). O nível da espessura da íntima-média da carótida em pacientes com infecção positiva pelo H. pylori foi significativamente maior (0,58±0,13 mm) do que aqueles com negativa (0,48±0,32 mm) P<0,05) e em relação ao grupo controle (0,36±0,44 mm) P<0,05). O nível médio de sICAM-1 grupo de infecção H. pylori positiva (352,16±7,54 pg/mL) foi maior do que o grupo de infecção negativa (332,64±8,75 pg/mL = 0,75) e em relação ao grupo controle (236,32±12,43 pg/mL) P<0,05). Revelou-se uma relação direta entre a dilatação mediada por fluxo e alterações da espessura da íntima-média da carótida e sICAM-1 e sVCAM-1, associada com o nível de H. pylori IgG em gastrite crônica. CONCLUSÃO: Os níveis de dilatação mediada por fluxo, da espessura da íntima-média da carótida e sICAM-1 foram maiores entre os pacientes com infecção positiva pelo H. pylori. Pacientes com gastrite crônica associada a infecção por H. pylori correm o risco de disfunção endotelial, devido à dilatação mediada por fluxo e anormalidades da espessura da íntima-média da carótida e aumento do nível de sICAM-1 e sVCAM-1.

Assessment of Intima-Media Thickness in Healthy Children Aged 1 to 15 Years / Avaliação da Espessura Médio-Intimal em Crianças Saudáveis entre 1 e 15 Anos

Abstract Background: Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been shown to be increased in children and adolescents with traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease, compared with those of healthy children. Objective: To assess the influence of sex, age and body mass index (BMI) on the CIMT in healthy children and adolescents aged 1 to 15 years. Methods: A total of 280 healthy children and adolescents (males, n=175; mean age, 7.49±3.57 years; mean BMI, 17.94±4.1 kg/m2) were screened for CIMT assessment. They were divided into 3 groups according to age: GI, 1 to 5 years [n=93 (33.2%); males, 57; mean BMI, 16±3 kg/m2]; GII, 6 to 10 years [n=127 (45.4%); males, 78; mean BMI, 17.9±3.7 kg/m2], and GIII, 11 to 15 years [n=60 (21.4%); males, 40; mean BMI, 20.9±4.5 kg/m2]. Results: There was no significant difference in CIMT values between male and female children and adolescents (0.43±0.06 mm vs. 0.42±0.05 mm, respectively; p=0.243). CIMT correlated with BMI neither in the total population nor in the 3 age groups according to Pearson correlation coefficient. Subjects aged 11 to 15 years had the highest CIMT values (GI vs. GII, p=0.615; GI vs. GIII, p=0.02; GII vs. GIII, p=0.004). Conclusions: CIMT is constant in healthy children younger than 10 years, regardless of sex or BMI. CIMT increases after the age of 10 years.

Resumo Fundamentos: A espessura médio-intimal (EMI) na artéria carótida comum tem se mostrado aumentada em crianças e adolescentes com fatores de risco tradicionais, como obesidade, hipertensão e doença renal crônica, quando comparada à de crianças saudáveis. Objetivos: Avaliar a influência do sexo, idade e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) sobre a EMI em crianças e adolescentes saudáveis entre 1 e 15 anos de idade. Métodos: Este estudo incluiu 280 indivíduos saudáveis (sexo masculino, n=175; idade, 7,49±3,57 anos; IMC, 17,94±4,1 kg/m2), que foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com a faixa etária: GI, crianças de 1 a 5 anos [n=93 (33,2%); sexo masculino, 57; IMC, 16±3 kg/m2]; GII, crianças de 6 a 10 anos [n=127 (45,4%); sexo masculino, 78; IMC, 17,9±3,7 kg/m2]; e GIII, crianças de 11 a 15 anos [n=60 (21,4%); sexo masculino, 40; IMC, 20,9±4,5 kg/m2]. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa nos valores da EMI entre os sexos (masculino, 0,43±0,06 mm; feminino, 0,42±0.05 mm; p=0,243). A EMI não se correlacionou com o IMC na população total ou nos 3 grupos de acordo com o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Crianças entre 11 e 15 anos apresentaram maiores valores de EMI (GI vs. GII, p=0,615; GI vs. GIII, p=0,02; GII vs. GIII, p=0,004). Conclusões: Independentemente de sexo e IMC, a EMI é constante em crianças saudáveis abaixo dos 10 anos de idade, aumentando a partir daí.

Mycobacterial endocarditis: a comprehensive review / Endocardite micobacteriana: uma revisão abrangente

Objective: A systematic analysis was made in view of the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and main outcomes of mycobacterial endocarditis. Methods: The data source of the present study was based on a comprehensive literature search in MEDLINE, Highwire Press and Google search engine for publications on mycobacterial endocarditis published between 2000 and 2013. Results: The rapidly growing mycobacteria become the predominant pathogens with Mycobacterium chelonae being the most common. This condition has changed significantly in terms of epidemiology since the 21st century, with more broad patient age range, longer latency, prevailed mitral valve infections and better prognosis. Conclusion: Mycobacterial endocarditis is rare and the causative pathogens are predominantly the rapidly growing mycobacteria. Amikacin, ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin are the most frequently used targeted antimicrobial agents but often show poor responses. Patients with deep infections may warrant a surgical operation or line withdrawal. With periodic multidrug therapy guided by drug susceptibility testing, and surgical managements, patients may achieve good therapeutic results. .

Objetivo: Uma análise sistemática foi feita considerando epidemiologia, quadro clínico, diagnóstico, tratamento e principais resultados da endocardite micobacteriana. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica abrangente no MEDLINE, Highwire Press e no Google para publicações sobre endocardite micobacteriana, publicados entre 2000 e 2013. Resultados: As micobactérias de crescimento rápido tornam-se os patógenos predominantes, com Mycobacterium chelonae sendo a mais comum. Essa condição se alterou significativamente em termos de epidemiologia, desde o início do século 21, abrangendo faixa etária mais ampla, maior latência, prevalecendo infecções da valva mitral e melhor prognóstico. Conclusão: Endocardite micobacteriana é rara e os patógenos causadores são predominantemente as micobactérias de crescimento rápido. Amicacina, ciprofloxacina e claritromicina são os agentes antimicrobianos mais frequentemente utilizados, mas muitas vezes apresentam respostas pobres. Pacientes com infecções profundas podem justificar um procedimento cirúrgico ou retirada de linha. Com a poliquimioterapia periódica guiada por testes de sensibilidade às drogas, e abordagens cirúrgicas, os pacientes podem obter bons resultados terapêuticos. .

Coronary artery plaque burden and calcium scores in healthy men adhering to long-term wine drinking or alcohol abstinence

Observational studies suggest there are clinical benefits to moderate red wine (RW) consumption. However, the effects on coronary vasculature and overall lifestyle are unclear. We investigated whether a lifestyle of regular long-term RW consumption is associated with changes in coronary plaque burden, calcium score, carotid intima/media thickness, endothelial function, and metabolic variables, compared with alcohol abstinence. Healthy volunteers were evaluated by coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) as well as carotid and brachial artery ultrasound. Nutritional status, psychological status, and metabolic variables were assessed. The study included 101 drinkers [aged 58.9±7.3 years (means±SD)], from wine brotherhoods, and 104 abstainers, from Anglican, Evangelical and Catholic churches both in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. No significant differences in demographics were noted. Lesion prevalence per patient assessed by coronary CTA and classified as absent (0), 1-25, 26-49, and ≥50% stenosis was similar between groups. When analyzed by individual arteries, i.e., left anterior descending, circumflex, and right coronary, prevalence was also not different. On the other hand, calcium scores were higher among drinkers than abstainers (144.4±362.2 vs 122.0±370.3; P<0.01). However, drinkers reported less history of diabetes and exercised more. RW drinkers consumed 2127.9±387.7 kcal/day while abstainers consumed 1836.0±305.0 (P<0.0001). HDL cholesterol was significantly higher among drinkers compared to abstainers (46.9±10.9 vs 39.5±9.0 mg/dL; P<0.001), while fasting plasma glucose was lower (97.6±18.2 vs 118.4±29.6 mg/dL; P<0.02). Liver enzymes were normal in both groups. In conclusion, long-term wine drinkers displayed a similar plaque burden but greater calcium score than abstainers, despite a more atherogenic diet, and the mechanisms for the increased calcium scores in the former remain speculative.

Efeitos da terapia periodontal na função endotelial e na expressão de marcadores inflamatórios sistêmicos / Effects of periodontal treatment on endothelial function and expression of systemic inflammatory markers

A periodontite é uma doença infecciosa, crônica e altamente prevalente causando uma resposta inflamatória. A infecção e a inflamação são consideradas a base etiológica para o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose. Recentes estudos indicam que a periodontite severa pode influenciar o aumento de marcadores inflamatórios e de disfunção endotelial associados com o aumento de risco da doença coronariana e o acidente vascular cerebral. Embora alguns estudos tenham sugerido esta associação, os reais efeitos do tratamento da doença periodontal sobre a rede complexa de marcadores envolvidos na aterosclerose são pouco conhecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da terapia periodontal nos biomarcadores inflamatórios (TNF-α, fibrinogênio, PCRus, INFγ, IL-1ß, IL-6 e IL-10), perfil lipídico (CT, HDL, LDL, TG, oxLDL e anti-oxLDL) e função endotelial (IMT) das artérias carótidas. Um total de trinta e dois indivíduos saudáveis sistemicamente e afetados pela periodontite severa (16 mulheres, 16 homens; 51,8±7 anos de idade), incluindo 17 sujeitos para o grupo teste e 15 sujeitos para o grupo controle foram recrutados para o estudo. A ultrassonografia das artérias carótidas e os níveis séricos inflamatórios foram avaliados no início, 40 e 100 dias após o tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico, comparando tempo e grupos. O tratamento periodontal resultou em significante redução dos parâmetros da doença periodontal. O grupo que recebeu tratamento mostrou decréscimos significativos de oxLDL (P<0.0001), anti-oxLDL (P<0,0001), TNF-α (P<0,0001), fibrinogênio (P=0,008), INFγ (P<0,0001), IL-1ß (P<0,0001), IL-6 (P<0,0001), IMT (P=0,006) e significante aumento de IL-10 (P<0,0001) após 100 dias do tratamento periodontal comparando com grupo controle. Entretanto, os resultados não foram significativos para PCRu (P=0,109), colesterol total (P=0,438), HDL (P=0,119), LDL (P=0,425) e triglicerídeos (P=0,939). Com base nestes resultados, o tratamento da periodontite pode melhorar o perfil inflamatório e a função endotelial, sendo uma importante ferramenta adicional para a prevenção das doenças cardiovasculares(AU)

Periodontitis is an infectious, chronic and highly prevalente that causes an inflammatory response. Infection and inflammation are considered to be the etiological basis for the development of atherosclerosis. Recent studies indicate that severe periodontitis may influence the increased inflammatory and endotelial dysfunction markers associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Although some studies have suggested this association, the true effects of periodontal treatment on the complex novel of markers involved in atherosclerosis are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal therapy on inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, fibrinogen, PCRus, INFγ, IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-10), lipid profile (TC, HDL, LDL, TG, oxLDL and anti-oxLDL) and endothelial function (IMT) of carotid arteries. A total of thirty-two otherwise health individuals affected by severe periodontitis (16 women, 16 man; 51,8±7 years old), including 17 subjects for the test group and 15 subjects in the control group, were enrolled in the study. Echo-Doppler cardiography of the carotid artery and plasma inflammatory indices were evaluated at baseline, 40 and 100 days after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Periodontal treatment resulted in a significant reduction of parameters of periodontal disease. The test group showed significant decreases in oxLDL (P<0.0001), anti-oxLDL (P<0,0001), TNF-α (P<0,0001), fibrinogen (P=0,008), INFγ (P<0,0001), IL-1ß (P<0,0001), IL-6 (P<0,0001), IMT (P=0,006) and significant increase of IL-10 (P<0,0001) after 100 days of periodontal treatment compared with control group. However, the results were not significant for PCRu (P=0,109), total colesterol (P=0,438), HDL colesterol (P=0,119), LDL colesterol (P=0,425) and tryglicerides (P=0,939). Based on these results, treating periodontitis can improve endotelial function and inflammatory profile being an important preventive tool for cardiovascular disease(AU)

Endarterectomía carotidea: nuestra experiencia / Carotid endarterectomy: our experience

Se trata de un estudio observacional descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal,en base a historias clínicas de pacientes consecutivos,en quienes se practicó endarterectomía carotídea, en el HospitalCentral del Instituto de Previsión Social ,durante el período comprendido entre agosto de 2005 a agostode 2010. Resultados: Se realizaron 82 Endarterectomías Carotídeas,74,39% de los pacientes fueron de sexo masculino y25,6% del sexo femenino, Las edades variaron entre 40 añosy 90 años, siendo la franja etaria más afectada la comprendidaentre 61 años a 80 años, constituyendo el 80% de los casos.El 54,87% de los pacientes tenían antecedentes tabáquicos, laspatologías asociadas comprenden: hipertensión arterial: 36,5%,diabetes mellitus: 22%, dislipidemia: 18%, se observaron ademáspacientes con cardiopatía isquémica, arteriopatía de miembrosinferiores, insuficiencia renal crónica y aneurisma de aorta.Todos los pacientes intervenidos contaban con ecografía dúplexcolor, todas las estenosis eran críticas, mayores de 70%. En 60pacientes (73,17%) el procedimiento se efectuó bajo anestesiaregional y en 22 pacientes (14,63%) se realizó anestesia general.La duración promedio de la cirugía fue 103 min (rango: 75 a150 min). No se presentaron eventos neurológicos intra operatorios.En 29 pacientes (35,36%) se realizó arteriorrafia, en32 pacientes (39,02%) se realizó endarterectomía por eversión+reimplantación, en 20 pacientes (24,39%) se utilizó parche dePTFE y en un paciente (1,21%) se realizó ligadura de la carótidainterna por trombosis. La morbilidad del procedimiento fuedel 24,35%. Tuvimos una mortalidad del 2,43% (2 pacientes)en estos pacientes se realizó la cirugía combinada entre endarterectomíacarotidea y bypass coronario y el óbito fue debidoa la trombosis del bypass coronario.

Daño arterial asociado a la enfermedad renal crónica: evaluación mediante técnicas de laboratorio no invasivo en pacientes hemodializados / Assesment of arterial damage by noninvasive peripheral arterial tonometry in non-diabetic hemodialysis patients

Background: Hemodialysis patients (HD) display high rates of cardiac disease and mortality. The cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of HD patients is attributable in a significant proportion to endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and vascular calcifications. Aim: To measure vascular reactivity in HD subjects and compare them with healthy volunteers. Material and Methods: Forty eight non diabetic patients aged 58 ± 4.6 years (29 males) on hemodialysis for a mean lapse of 4.8 years were studied. Arterial stiffness was measured in the radial artery. Pulse wave velocity was measured by noninvasive peripheral arterial tonometry in carotid and femoral arteries. Endothelial function was assessed, measuring reactive hyperemia response after a 5 min period of ischemia. As a control, all values were also measured in age and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Results: Arterial stiffness was significantly higher in HD patients than controls (23.9 ± 3.3 and 18.4 ± 3.4% respectively, p < 0.05). HD subjects had an increased pulse wave velocity (10.0 ± 0.8 and 7.6 ± 0.9 m/s respectively, p < 0.05). A reduction in the change in pulse amplitude pressure, as a measure of arterial dysfunction, was only observed in male patients (1.7± 0.4 and2.7 ± 0.4 respectively p < 0.01). Conclusions: Noninvasive assessment of peripheral vascular function may be useful for the identification of patients at risk for late cardiac events.

Influência da aterosclerose subclínica na função diastólica em indivíduos sem doença cardiovascular / Influence of subclinical atherosclerosis on diastolic function in individuals free of cardiovascular disease / Influencia de la aterosclerosis subclínica en la función diastólica en individuos sin enfermedad cardiovascular

FUNDAMENTO: É plausível que a aterosclerose subclínica altere a reserva coronariana e comprometa a função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo. Entretanto, a associação entre os estágios subclínicos da aterosclerose e a função diastólica não foi estabelecida em indivíduos livres de doença cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Testar a hipótese de que a aterosclerose subclínica tenha uma associação negativa com a função diastólica. MÉTODOS: Indivíduos > 35 anos de idade, sem doença cardiovascular, com pressão arterial normal e teste de esforço na esteira negativo, foram selecionados para avaliação da espessura da camada íntima-média (EIM) carotídea através de ultrassonografia e dos parâmetros de função diastólica através de ecocardiografia, primariamente a razão E'/A' através do Doppler tecidual. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e oito indivíduos, com idade de 56 ± 10 anos, 67 por cento do sexo feminino foram estudados. A EIM carotídea apresentou uma correlação negativa significante com a razão E'/A' no Doppler tecidual (r = - 0,437, p = 0,002). Indivíduos no quarto quartil da EIM apresentavam uma razão E'/A' significantemente mais baixa no Doppler tecidual (0,76 ± 0,25), quando comparados a indivíduos no primeiro (1,2 ± 0,29), segundo (1,2 ± 0,36) e terceiro quartis (1,1 ± 0,25) - p = 0,002. A EIM carotídea no quarto quartil (> 0,8 mm) foi preditor independente da razão E'/A' (p = 0,02), após ajustes para variáveis potencialmente confundidoras, tais como idade, sexo feminino, circunferência da cintura, pressão arterial diastólica, HDL-colesterol e Risco de Framingham. CONCLUSÃO: O estágio inicial da doença arterial aterosclerótica está negativamente associado com os parâmetros de função diastólica em indivíduos saudáveis, independente da idade e características clínicas.

BACKGROUND: It is plausible that subclinical atherosclerosis alters coronary reserve and impairs diastolic function of the left ventricle. However, the relationship between subclinical stages of atherosclerosis and diastolic function has not been established in subjects free of cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that subclinical atherosclerosis has a negative association with diastolic function. METHODS: Individuals > 35 years old, free of cardiovascular disease, with normal blood pressure and negative treadmill stress test, were selected to have common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) assessed by ultrasound and parameters of diastolic function by echocardiography, primarily tissue Doppler E'/A' ratio. RESULTS: Forty-eight subjects were studied, aged 56 ± 10 years, 67 percent females. Composite common carotid IMT had a significant negative correlation with tissue Doppler E'/A' ratio (r = - 0.437, p = 0.002). Individuals in the fourth quartile of IMT had a significant lower tissue Doppler E'/A' ratio (0.76 ± 0.25), as compared with the first (1.2 ± 0.29), second (1.2 ± 0.36) and third quartiles (1.1 ± 0.25) - p = 0.002. Composite common carotid IMT in the fourth quartile (> 0.8 mm) independently predicted E'/A' ratio (p = 0.02), after adjustment for potentially confounding variables, such as age, female gender, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol and Framingham Risk. CONCLUSION: Early stage of subclinical atherosclerotic disease is negatively associated with diastolic function parameters in healthy individuals, regardless of age and clinical characteristics.

FUNDAMENTO: Es plausible que la aterosclerosis subclínica altere la reserva coronaria y comprometa la función diastólica del ventrículo izquierdo. Entre tanto, la asociación entre los niveles subclínicos de la aterosclerosis y la función diastólica no fue establecida en individuos libres de enfermedad cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Testear la hipótesis de que la aterosclerosis subclínica tenga una asociación negativa con la función diastólica. MÉTODOS: Individuos > 35 años de edad, sin enfermedad cardiovascular, con presión arterial normal y test de esfuerzo en la cinta negativo, fueron seleccionados para evaluación del espesor de la capa íntima-media (EIM) carotídea a través de ultrasonografía y de los parámetros de función diastólica a través de ecocardiografia, primariamente a razón E'/A' a través del Doppler tisular. RESULTADOS: Cuarenta y ocho individuos, con edad 56 ± 10 años, 67 por ciento del sexo femenino. La EIM carotídea presentó una correlación negativa significativa con la razón E'/A' en el Doppler tisular (r = - 0,437, P = 0,002). Individuos en el cuarto cuartil de la EIM presentaban una razón E'/A' significativamente más baja en el Doppler tisular (0,76 ± 0,25), cuando fueron comparados a individuos en el primero (1,2 ± 0,29), segundo (1,2 ± 0,36) y tercer cuartiles (1,1 ± 0,25) - P = 0,002. La EIM carotídea en el cuarto cuartil (> 0,8 mm) fue predictor independiente de la razón E'/A' (P = 0,02), después de ajustes para variables potencialmente confundidoras, tales como edad, sexo femenino, circunferencia de la cintura, presión arterial diastólica, HDL-colesterol y Riesgo de Framingham. CONCLUSIÓN: El nivel inicial de la enfermedad arterial aterosclerótica está negativamente asociado a los parámetros de función diastólica en individuos sanos, independientemente de la edad y características clínicas.

Evaluación de osteoporosis y ateroesclerosis carotídea en relación a enfermedad cerebrovascular oclusiva / Assessment of correlation between occlusive cerebrovascular disease and osteoporosis and carotid atherosclerosis

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación existente entre las manifestaciones ateroescleróticas carotídeas y la osteoporosis, en pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular oclusiva (ECVO). Método: Estudiamos 115 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico tomográfico de ECVO desde junio 2007 a junio 2009, a los que se les realizó ultrasonido Doppler color carotídeo y densitometría de columna lumbosacra y caderas. Resultados: No hallamos correlación entre el valor de la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y la magnitud del daño aterosclerótico carotídeo; encontramos correlación moderada positiva entre el índice de masa corporal y la DMO. La mayoría de los factores de riesgo se asociaron con incremento del grosor íntima media, índice aterogénico aumentado y baja prevalencia de estenosis significativa, así como osteopenia densito-métrica, siendo el envejecimiento y la hipertensión los factores predominantes. Conclusiones: La osteoporosis y las manifestaciones ateroescleróticas carotídeas en la ECVO no guardan relación, más allá de la presencia de factores de riesgo en común.

Objective: To determine the association between carotid atherosclerotic manifestations and osteoporosis in patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease (OCVD). Method: From June 2007 to June 2009 115 patients with clinical tomographic diagnosis of ECVO, who underwent carotid artery-Color Doppler Ultrasound exams as well as lumbar spine and hip bone densitometry, were studied. Results: No correlation between the value of bone mineral density (BMD) and the magnitude of carotid atherosclerotic damage was observed. There was a moderate positive correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI) and BMD. Most risk factors were associated with increased intima media thickness, increased atherogenic index, low rates of significant stenosis, and densitometric osteopenia, with aging and hypertension as predominant factors. Conclusions: Despite the presence of shared risk factors, no correlation between osteoporosis and atherosclerotic manifestations in the carotid artery in OCVD was observed.

Modificación del grosor intima-media carotídeo según factores de riesgo clásicos y síndrome metabólico con o sin inflamación / Relation of intima-media thickness, traditional risk factors and metabolic syndrome in subjects with or without inflammation

El grosor intima-media carotideo (CIMT) es un marcador de aterosclerosis subclinica y eventos isquémicos cerebrales y coronarios. Si bien los valores normales promedio en Chile, han sido publicados, no existen datos locales de cómo se modifica el CIMT según la carga de factores de riesgo (FR) cardiovascular. Objetivos: Analizar la modificación del CIMT según la carga de FR clásicos, presencia de síndrome metabólico (SMET) y SMET más inflamación. Métodos: Hombres y mujeres de Santiago sin antecedente de eventos isquémicos previos, nivel socio económico medio, medio bajo y medio alto. En todos se realizó encuesta sobre antecedentes demográficos, FR cardiovascular, y medición de PA, IMC, cintura, y perfil lipídico, glicemia y proteína C-reactiva ultrasensible (ePCR) en ayuno. Para diagnóstico de SMET se usó NCEP ATPIII (2001), y para inflamación, ePCR> 2 mg/L (valor de corte de > riesgo porAHA). El CIMT se midió en carótida común derecha e izquierda con software MATH®. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el análisis 999 sujetos (508 hombres), edad promedio 43.8 +/- 11 años. La prevalencia de HTA fue 30 por ciento, dislipidemia 68 por ciento, tabaquismo 47 por ciento, y SMET 24 por ciento. El CIMT medio promedio fue 0.61 +/- 0.1 mm y la ePCR promedio 2.22 mg/L. La modificación del CIMT medio (mm) según número de FR (edad>45/55 hombre/mujer, diabetes, HTA, colesterol total > 200, HDL < 40/50, tabaquismo e historia familiar), fue la siguiente: 0 FR= 0.55 +/- 0.08; 1-2 FR= 0.59 +/- 0.091; > 3 FR= 0.67 +/- 0.12 (p < 0.0001). Asimismo, el CIMT aumentó según el puntaje de Framingham: < 5 por ciento = 0.58 +/- 0.09; 5-10 por ciento= 0.66 +/- 0.11; > 10-20 por ciento= 0.68 +/- 0.11; >20 por ciento > o = 0.76 +/- 0.14 (p < 0.0001). El CIMT fue significativamente mayor en los sujetos con SMET, y se incrementa en forma significativa cuando se adiciona ePCR>2 mg/L. En el modelo de regresión múltiple, el CIMT se asocia en forma conjunta a Framingham (p < 0.0001) y SMET+ePCR>2...

Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a marker for cerebral and coronary ischemic events. Normal values for CIMT in Chile have been published but the relation of CIMT to level of risk factors (RF) is unknown. Aim. To analyze the relation of CIMT to level of traditional RF and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS), with or without inflammation. Methods. Males and females living in Santiago, Chile, with no prior history of ischemic events, of a low, medium or high socio-economic level, were studied. Demographic data, and presence of RF were obtained. Blood pressure, BMI, waist, blood lipids, blood glucose and US-CRP were measured in the fasting state. The presence of MS was defined by the NCEP-ATP III (2001) criteria. Inflammation was defined as US-CRP >2mg/L (the cut off point for increased risk, according to the AHA). CIMT was measure in both carotid arteries using the MATH® software. Results. 999 subjects (508 males), aged 43 +/- 11 years old. The prevalence of hypertension (HT) was 30 percent, dyslipidemia 68 percent, tobacco use 41 percent and MS 24 percent. Mean CIMT was 0.61 +/- 0.1 mm and US-PCR was 2.22 mg/L. CIMT according to number of RF - age > 45/55 (male/female), diabetes, HT, total cholesterol > 200 mg/dl, HDL < 40/50 mg/dl, tobacco use and family history- were: 0 RF: 0.55 +/- 0.08; 1-2 RF: 0.59 +/- 0.091; >3 RF: 0.67 +/- 0.12 (p < 0.0001). CIMT according to Framingham scores was: < 5 percent: 0.58 +/- 0.09; 5 - 10 percent: 0.66 +/- 0.11; 10 - 20 percent: 0.68 +/- 0.11 and > 20 percent: 0.76 +/- 0.14 (p < 0.0001). CIMT was significantly greater in subjects with MS and more in the group with US-PCR > 2mg/L. In multiple regression analysis, CIMT was jointly associated to Framingham score (p < 0.0001) and presence of MS + US-PCR >2 mg/L (p=0.01) (r2=0.19 for the model). Conclusion. CIMT increases in relation to traditional RF load and the presence of MS. An increased atherosclerotic risk in subjects with MS+inflammation (US-PCR > 2 mg/L)...

El género femenino como factor predictivo en los resultados de la endarterectomía carotídea / Female gender as a predictive factor in the outcome of carotid endarterectomy

Introducción: Existe evidencia contradictoria acerca del beneficio de la endarterectomía carotídea (EC) en la mujer. Objetivo: Evaluar si el género femenino afecta los resultados inmediatos y alejados de la EC. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo de 346 EC realizadas entre Enero de 1990 y Julio de 2008 en el Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente de Concepción. Del total, 137 EC fueron realizadas en mujeres. Como grupo control se consideró a los hombres operados en el mismo período, quienes presentaron características demográficas y otras variables potencialmente adversas en proporción similar a las mujeres. Todas las variables se analizaron en un estudio bivariado y multivariado. Se comparó la morbimortalidad operatoria AVC/muerte), la sobrevida global a 5 y 10 años, el intervalo libre de eventos neurológicos y de reestenosis a 5 años. Se utilizó el método de Kapplan-Meier para la sobrevida actuarial, el Test de Log Rank y Chi Cuadrado para la significación estadística y la regresión logística (Backward Stepwise) para el análisis multivariado. Los resultados alejados se expresan en sobrevida promedio + error estándar. Resultados: El género femenino no mostró ser una variable independiente negativa para los resultados de la EC. La incidencia de AVC/muerte en las mujeres fue 1,5 por ciento.(hombres: 1,4 por ciento) (p= NS). La sobrevida global a 5 y 10 años fue 82,5 por ciento +/- 4,1 y 49,7 por ciento +/- 9,7, respectivamente (hombres: 73,5por ciento + 4,0 y 45 por ciento +/- 7,8) (p= NS). A 5 años, el intervalo libre de eventos neurológicos fue 97 por ciento +/- 1,8 (hombres: 98,3 por ciento +/- 1,0) (p= NS) y el de reestenosis fue 93,9 por ciento +/- 3,6 (hombres: 98,5 por ciento +/- 1,1) (p= NS). Conclusión: El género femenino no afecta los resultados de la EC por lo que no se debe considerar un factor predictivo adverso.

Background: The benefits of carotid endarterectomy (CE) in women have been questioned Aim: to evaluate whether female gender influences the results of CE Methods: 346 procedures of CE performed between January 1990 and July 2008 at Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente in Concepcion were restrospectively analyzed. 137 CE were performed in women. Demographic characteristics were similar between males and females. A university and multi variate analysis including other adverse factors influencing the results of surgery was performed. Operative morbidity and mortality, global survival, neurologic events free survival and the re stenosis rate at 5 years were analyzed. Actuarial survival was analyzed by the Kapplan-Meir procedure using the Log-rank and Chi square tests; Backward stepwise logistic regression was used in multivariate analysis. Results: Female gender was not found to be an independent risk factor for poorer outcomes of CE. Stroke plus total death in woman was 1,5 percent, versus 1,4 percent in man (P=NS). Survival in woman at 5 and 10 years was 82,5 percent +/- 4,1 and 49,7 percent +/- 9,7, respectively, whereas in man it was 73,5 percent +/- 4,0 and 45 percent +/- 7,8) (p NS). At 5 years follow-up 97 percent +/- 1,8 of woman versus 98,3 percent +/- 1,0 of men were free of neurological events; free of having restenosis were 93,9 percent +/- 3,6 of woman versus 98,5 percent +/- 1,1 of man (p= NS). Conclusion: female gender did not result in poorer results following CE and, therefore, should not be considered an adverse predictive factor for this surgical procedure.